 |
 Previous Article | Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 10, 4006-4034, Copyright © 1990 by Society for Neuroscience
Patterns of glutamate immunoreactivity in the goldfish retina
RE Marc, WL Liu, M Kalloniatis, SF Raiguel and E van Haesendonck
University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sensory Sciences Center, Houston 77030.
Postembedding silver-intensified immunogold procedures reveal high levels
of glutamate immunoreactivity in "vertical" elements of the goldfish
retina: (1) Red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones display strong
glutamate immunoreactivity, especially in their synaptic terminals, but
blue-sensitive cones are poorly immunoreactive. (2) All type Mb (on-center)
and Ma (off-center) mixed rod-cone bipolar cells and all identifiable cone
bipolar cells are highly glutamate immunoreactive. We find no evidence for
bipolar cells that lack glutamate immunoreactivity. (3) The majority of the
somas in the ganglion cell layer and certain large cells of the amacrine
cell layer resembling displaced ganglion cells are strongly glutamate
immunoreactive. (4) Despite their high affinity symport of acidic amino
acids, the endogenous levels of glutamate in Muller's cells are among the
lowest in the retina. (5) GABAergic neurons possess intermediate levels of
glutamate immunoreactivity. Quantitative immunocytochemistry coupled with
digital image analysis allows estimates of intracellular glutamate levels.
Photoreceptors and bipolar and ganglion cells contain from 1 to 10 mM
glutamate. The bipolar and ganglion cell populations maintain high
intracellular glutamate concentrations, averaging about 5 mM, whereas
red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones apparently maintain lower levels.
Importantly, photoreceptor glutamate levels are extremely volatile, and in
vitro maintenance is required to preserve cone glutamate immunoreactivity
in the goldfish. GABAergic horizontal and amacrine cells contain about
0.3-0.7 mM glutamate, which matches the values predicted from the Km of
glutamic acid decarboxylase. Muller's cells and non-GABAergic amacrine
cells contain less than 0.1 mM glutamate. Though Muller's cells are known
to possess potent glutamate symport, they clearly possess equally potent
mechanisms for maintaining low intracellular glutamate concentrations.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
J. Lim, L. Li, M. D. Jacobs, J. Kistler, and P. J. Donaldson
Mapping of Glutathione and Its Precursor Amino Acids Reveals a Role for GLYT2 in Glycine Uptake in the Lens Core
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
November 1, 2007;
48(11):
5142 - 5151.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Johnson, C. E. Kicklighter, M. Schmidt, M. Kamio, H. Yang, D. Elkin, W. C. Michel, P. C. Tai, and C. D. Derby
Packaging of chemicals in the defensive secretory glands of the sea hare Aplysia californica
J. Exp. Biol.,
January 1, 2006;
209(1):
78 - 88.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F. Mack, C. Sussmann, B. Hirt, and H.-J. Wagner
Displaced Amacrine Cells Disappear from the Ganglion Cell Layer in the Central Retina of Adult Fish during Growth
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
October 1, 2004;
45(10):
3749 - 3755.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Billig, J. P. Card, and B. J. Yates
Plasticity in Respiratory Motor Control: Selected Contribution: Neurochemical phenotypes of MRF neurons influencing diaphragm and rectus abdominis activity
J Appl Physiol,
January 1, 2003;
94(1):
391 - 398.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Marc and B. W. Jones
Molecular Phenotyping of Retinal Ganglion Cells
J. Neurosci.,
January 15, 2002;
22(2):
413 - 427.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. F. Vaquero, A. Pignatelli, G. J. Partida, and A. T. Ishida
A Dopamine- and Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanism for Network Adaptation in Retinal Ganglion Cells
J. Neurosci.,
November 1, 2001;
21(21):
8624 - 8635.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hill, M. Kalloniatis, and S.-S. Tan
Cellular Diversity in Mouse Neocortex Revealed by Multispectral Analysis of Amino Acid Immunoreactivity
Cereb Cortex,
August 1, 2001;
11(8):
679 - 690.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hill, M. Kalloniatis, and S.-S. Tan
Glutamate, GABA and Precursor Amino Acids in Adult Mouse Neocortex: Cellular Diversity Revealed by Quantitative Immunocytochemistry
Cereb Cortex,
November 1, 2000;
10(11):
1132 - 1142.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Sherry and E. Townes-Anderson
Rapid Glutamatergic Alterations in the Neural Retina Induced by Retinal Detachment
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
August 1, 2000;
41(9):
2779 - 2790.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Gross, S. H. Hensley, F. Gao, X.-L. Yang, S.-C. Dai, and S. M. Wu
Effects of Betaxolol on Light Responses and Membrane Conductance in Retinal Ganglion Cells
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.,
March 1, 2000;
41(3):
722 - 728.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Akopian, J. Johnson, R. Gabriel, N. Brecha, and P. Witkovsky
Somatostatin Modulates Voltage-Gated K+ and Ca2+ Currents in Rod and Cone Photoreceptors of the Salamander Retina
J. Neurosci.,
February 1, 2000;
20(3):
929 - 936.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Koulen, R. Kuhn, H. Wassle, and J. H. Brandstatter
Modulation of the intracellular calcium concentration in photoreceptor terminals by a presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptor
PNAS,
August 17, 1999;
96(17):
9909 - 9914.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Cohen
Interactions of Inhibition and Excitation in the Light-Evoked Currents of X Type Retinal Ganglion Cells
J Neurophysiol,
December 1, 1998;
80(6):
2975 - 2990.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Gao and S. M. Wu
Characterization of Spontaneous Inhibitory Synaptic Currents in Salamander Retinal Ganglion Cells
J Neurophysiol,
October 1, 1998;
80(4):
1752 - 1764.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Tian, T. N. Hwang, and D. R. Copenhagen
Analysis of Excitatory and Inhibitory Spontaneous Synaptic Activity in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells
J Neurophysiol,
September 1, 1998;
80(3):
1327 - 1340.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Gaal, B. Roska, S. A. Picaud, S. M. Wu, R. Marc, and F. S. Werblin
Postsynaptic Response Kinetics Are Controlled by a Glutamate Transporter at Cone Photoreceptors
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 1998;
79(1):
190 - 196.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. L. Kirchgessner, M.-T. Liu, and F. Alcantara
Excitotoxicity in the Enteric Nervous System
J. Neurosci.,
November 15, 1997;
17(22):
8804 - 8816.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Witkovsky, Y. Schmitz, A. Akopian, D. Krizaj, and D. Tranchina
Gain of Rod to Horizontal Cell Synaptic Transfer: Relation to Glutamate Release and a Dihydropyridine-Sensitive Calcium Current
J. Neurosci.,
October 1, 1997;
17(19):
7297 - 7306.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-T. Liu, J. D. Rothstein, M. D. Gershon, and A. L. Kirchgessner
Glutamatergic Enteric Neurons
J. Neurosci.,
June 15, 1997;
17(12):
4764 - 4784.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. D. Lukasiewicz, J. A. Wilson, and J. E. Lawrence
AMPA-Preferring Receptors Mediate Excitatory Synaptic Inputs to Retinal Ganglion Cells
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 1997;
77(1):
57 - 64.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Strettoi and R. H. Masland
The number of unidentified amacrine cells in the mammalian retina
PNAS,
December 10, 1996;
93(25):
14906 - 14911.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
.gif?ad=17923&adview=true)
