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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 11, 256-268, Copyright © 1991 by Society for Neuroscience
Vault immunofluorescence in the brain: new insights regarding the origin of microglia
DC Chugani, NL Kedersha and LH Rome
Department of Radiological Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine 90024.
The developmental appearance of ameboid and ramified microglia in the rat
brain has been examined by immunofluorescent localization of vaults,
recently described ribonucleoprotein particles (Kedersha and Rome, 1986a).
Vaults are distinct, multiarched structures of unknown function expressed
by higher and lower eukaryotic species. Although vaults have been detected
in all mammalian cells examined to date, they are highly enriched in
macrophages. In the brain, vault antisera is highly specific for both
ameboid and ramified microglia. The developmental profile of vault
immunoreactivity in rat brain slices suggests that microglia enter the
brain at 2 locations, with different time scales for each. The first
migration, which begins before embryonic day 15 and subsides between
postnatal days 7 and 14, was identified by vault immunoreactivity and
Bandeiraea simplicifolia B4- isolectin (a microglia marker) staining. The
cells appear to enter from blood vessels and display a ramified morphology
as soon as they are detected in the brain. The second microglial migration
occurs in the first postnatal week, when ameboid microglia appear in the
corpus callosum and other large fiber tracts. Ameboid microglia appear to
differentiate into ramified microglia between postnatal days 4 and 14.
Vault immunoreactivity, as a very early microglial marker, provides new
insight regarding the much-debated origin of the ramified microglia. It is
quite clear that ameboid cells are not the sole source of ramified
microglia because ramified cells can be detected before the influx of
ameboid microglia. Colocalization studies with monocyte/macrophage markers
ED1 and OX42 demonstrate that both ramified and ameboid microglia originate
from monocyte lineage.
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