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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 11, 1117-1125, Copyright © 1991 by Society for Neuroscience
Tensile regulation of axonal elongation and initiation
J Zheng, P Lamoureux, V Santiago, T Dennerll, RE Buxbaum and SR Heidemann
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824- 1101.
Neurites of chick sensory neurons in culture were attached by their growth
cones to glass needles of known compliance and were subjected to increasing
tensions as steps of constant force; each step lasted 30-60 min and was
25-50 mu dyn greater than the previous step. After correcting for elastic
stretching, neurite elongation rate increased in proportion to tension
magnitude greater than a tension threshold. The value of the tension
threshold required for growth varied between 25 and 560 mu dyn, with most
between 50 and 150 mu dyn. The growth sensitivity of neurites to tension
was surprisingly high: an increase in tension of 1 mu dyn increased the
elongation rate an average of about 1.5 microns/hr. The linear relationship
between growth rate and tension provides a simple control mechanism for
axons to accommodate tissue expansion in growing animals that consistently
maintains a moderate rest tension on axons. Styrene microspheres treated
with polyethyleneimine were used to label the surface of neurites in order
to determine the site and pattern of surface addition during the
experimental "towed growth" regime. New membrane is added interstitially
throughout the neurite, but different regions of neurite vary widely in the
amount of new membrane added. This contrasts with membrane addition
specifically at the distal end in growth-cone- mediated growth. The
different sites for membrane addition in growth mediated by towing and by
the growth cone indicate that the membrane addition process is sensitive to
the mode of growth. We confirmed the finding of Bray (1984) that neurites
can be initiated de novo by application of tension to the cell margin of
chick sensory neurons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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