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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 11, 1597-1608, Copyright © 1991 by Society for Neuroscience
Intracellular calcium levels do not change during contact-mediated collapse of chick DRG growth cone structure
JK Ivins, JA Raper and RN Pittman
Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104.
When the growth cone of a chick dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurite contacts
the neurite of a chick retinal ganglion cell in vitro, the growth cone
typically responds by withdrawing its lamellipodia and filopodia and
collapsing. We have used the fluorescent calcium indicator dye fura-2 and
digital imaging microscopy to measure calcium levels within DRG growth
cones and to determine whether changes in calcium levels are responsible
for the collapse of growth cone morphology when a DRG growth cone contacts
a retinal ganglion cell neurite. Calcium levels within DRG growth cones
were stable during neurite outgrowth. Calcium was typically distributed
homogeneously throughout the growth cone, though occasionally gradients of
free calcium were present. When calcium gradients were observed, calcium
levels appeared higher in the active veil regions than in the central core
region. Calcium levels in DRG growth cones appeared to remain stable during
the period of contact-mediated growth cone collapse. Low concentrations of
the calcium ionophore ionomycin increased calcium levels two- to threefold
without having any observable morphological effects on DRG growth cones.
Likewise, depolarization with 15 mM KCl caused a transient two- to
threefold increase in calcium levels without having any observable
morphological effect. These results suggest that changes in calcium levels
are not responsible for contact-mediated collapse of growth cone structure.
A growth cone collapsing activity has been solubilized from embryonic chick
brain (Raper and Kapfhammer, 1990). Application of this material to
cultures of DRG neurons caused growth cones to collapse but had no effect
on calcium levels within the growth cones. The crude growth cone collapsing
activity was not blocked by the presence of cobalt, nickel, lanthanum,
nifedipine, or reduced- calcium medium, suggesting that transmembrane
calcium fluxes were not required for growth cone collapse. These results
suggest that the morphological changes associated with the collapse of
growth cone structure can be independent of changes in growth cone calcium
levels, and that second messengers other than calcium are likely to be
involved in the regulation of many growth cone behaviors.
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