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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 12, 39-55, Copyright © 1992 by Society for Neuroscience
Pathfinding and target selection by developing geniculocortical axons
A Ghosh and CJ Shatz
Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305.
During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, thalamic axons must
grow into the telencephalon and select appropriate cortical targets. In
order to begin to understand the cellular interactions that are important
in cortical target selection by thalamic axons, we have examined the
morphology of axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) as they
navigate their way to the primary visual cortex. The morphology of
geniculocortical axons was revealed by placing the lipophilic tracer Dil
into the LGN of paraformaldehyde-fixed brains from fetal and neonatal cats
between embryonic day 26 (E26; gestation is 65 d) and postnatal day 7 (P7).
This morphological approach has led to three major observations. (1) As LGN
axons grow within the intermediate zone of the telencephalon toward future
visual cortex (E30- 40), many give off distinct interstitial axon
collaterals that penetrate the subplate of nonvisual cortical areas. These
collaterals are transient and are not seen postnatally. (2) There is a
prolonged period during which LGN axons are restricted to the visual
subplate prior to their ingrowth into the cortical plate; the first LGN
axons arrive within visual subplate by E36 but are not detected in layer 6
of visual cortex until about E50. (3) Within the visual subplate, LGN axons
extend widespread terminal branches. This represents a marked change in
their morphology from the simple growth cones present earlier as LGN axons
navigate en route to visual cortex. The presence of interstitial
collaterals suggests that there may be ongoing interactions between LGN
axons and subplate neurons along the entire intracortical route traversed
by the axons. From the extensive branching of LGN axons within the visual
subplate during the waiting period, it appears that they are not simply
"waiting." Rather, LGN axons may participate in dynamic cellular
interactions within the subplate long before they contact their ultimate
target neurons in layer 4. These observations confirm the existence of a
prolonged waiting period in the development of thalamocortical connections
and provide important morphological evidence in support of the previous
suggestion that interactions between thalamic axons and subplate neurons
are necessary for cortical target selection.
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