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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 12, 4846-4853, Copyright © 1992 by Society for Neuroscience
Selective vulnerability of dentate hilar neurons following traumatic brain injury: a potential mechanistic link between head trauma and disorders of the hippocampus
DH Lowenstein, MJ Thomas, DH Smith and TK McIntosh
Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco 94143.
Despite intensive study, the neurobiological basis of epilepsy and
persistent memory impairment following traumatic head injury remains
unknown. Since abnormalities of the hippocampus are known to be associated
with temporal lobe seizures and memory dysfunction, we investigated the
effects of experimental traumatic brain injury on hippocampal structure and
function in the rat. Using a model of fluid- percussion injury, we have
discovered that neurons of the dentate hilus are vulnerable to a brief,
unilateral impact to the extradural surface of the brain. One week after
trauma, there was a dramatic reduction in hilar neurons ipsilateral to the
impact, and a milder but significant decrease in neurons on the
contralateral side as well. This neuronal loss was highly selective since
adjacent dentate granule and pyramidal neurons appeared relatively
unaffected. Immunocytochemistry showed that the hilar cell loss included a
loss of somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons, and degeneration stains
provided evidence that irreversible hilar injury occurred within 4 hr of
impact. To assess the functional effects of the hilar damage, dentate
granule cell field potentials were measured in response to perforant path
stimulation. This revealed abnormal dentate granule cell hyperexcitability
at 2.0 Hz stimulation in many of the injured animals. The presence of
abnormal hyperexcitability correlated with the loss of hilar neurons. Thus,
a momentary impact to the surface of the brain can cause selective,
bilateral hippocampal injury with associated abnormalities in dentate gyrus
physiology. Furthermore, the pattern of cell loss is similar to that
observed in some patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED
AT 250 WORDS)
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