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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 12, 729-735, Copyright © 1992 by Society for Neuroscience
Behavioral analysis of internal memory states using cooling-induced retrograde amnesia in Limax flavus
A Yamada, T Sekiguchi, H Suzuki and A Mizukami
Sanyo Electric Company, Limited, Tsukuba Research Center, Ibaraki, Japan.
Temporal evolution of internal memory states in a terrestrial mollusk,
Limax flavus, was studied using cooling-induced retrograde amnesia. The
slug was conditioned to avoid carrot odor by temporally correlated
presentation of carrot juice and a bitter-taste stimulus of quinidine
sulfate. We could induce retrograde amnesia by cooling of the conditioned
slug immediately after the training trial. Thus, we studied the memory
states in the slug using the retrograde amnesia according to strategies
used in the studies of memory states in mammals or insects. In the early
process of memory acquisition, at least two distinctive memory states were
observed, short-term memory and long-term memory (LTM). For LTM, two states
were also observed. One was a reactivated state of LTM, which was sensitive
to the cooling used to induce the amnesia. The other was a so-called
resting state of LTM, which was insensitive to cooling. A few days after
memory acquisition, further evolution was observed in that the amnesia
could not be induced even if the memory trace was reactivated. The results
obtained in Limax flavus was comparable with those obtained in a variety of
animals.
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Memory
