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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 12, 3175-3186, Copyright © 1992 by Society for Neuroscience
Regulation of neuronal growth cone filopodia by intracellular calcium
V Rehder and SB Kater
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523.
Filopodia have been regarded as the sensory extensions of neuronal growth
cones. As such, filopodia assay distant environments and are important for
directing growth cones toward their targets. Since the territory
encountered by a growth cone depends on the area spanned by the filopodia,
changes in filopodial length or number result in the "exploration" of
different-sized regions of the environment. The present study tests the
potential regulatory role of intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) on
filopodial morphology in identified neurons from the snail Helisoma.
Experimentally evoked changes in [Ca2+]i were measured with the fluorescent
calcium indicator fura-2 and directly correlated with growth cone
filopodial morphology. A rise in [Ca2+]i caused two distinct,
concentration-dependent effects separable by their different time courses:
within the first 10 min, filopodia underwent significant elongation, while
the second phase was characterized by a massive loss of filopodia. Both of
these behaviors were increased in a calcium-dependent fashion. The
magnitude of both filopodial elongation and filopodial loss correlated well
with the transient peak values of [Ca2+]i reached during a given
experimental treatment (r less than or equal to 0.98). In addition to the
direct effect of the initial transient rise in [Ca2+]i, there is evidence
for a form of adaptation of filopodial behavior to sustained calcium
levels. A transient change in [Ca2+]i of as little as 30-50 nM reliably
altered filopodial morphology. These results indicate that even small
changes in intrinsic calcium homeostatic properties or extrinsic signals
that alter intracellular calcium levels can act as regulators of the size
of the environment sampled by an elongating growth cone.
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