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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 13, 229-242, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Neuroscience
Simultaneous pontine and basal forebrain microinjections of carbachol suppress REM sleep
HA Baghdoyan, JL Spotts and SG Snyder
Department of Anesthesia, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey 17033.
This study was performed to test the hypothesis that cholinoceptive basal
forebrain systems can significantly influence cholinoceptive pontine
mechanisms known to be important for generating rapid eye movement (REM)
sleep. This hypothesis was examined by microinjecting the cholinergic
agonist carbachol or saline (vehicle control) into the pons, the basal
forebrain, or simultaneously into the pons and basal forebrain, while
quantifying the effects on sleep and wakefulness in unanesthetized,
chronically instrumented cats. All microinjections were made during
wakefulness and were followed by 2 or 4 hr of recording. Polygraphic
records were scored for wakefulness, non-REM sleep, REM sleep, and the REM
sleep-like state evoked by pontine administration of carbachol (DCarb).
Dependent variables quantified following each microinjection included the
percentage of recording time spent in each state, the latency to onset of
non-REM, REM, and DCarb, the number of episodes per hour of each state, and
the duration of the longest episode of each state. A total of 149
microinjections were made into 15 forebrain and 11 pontine sites in eight
cats. Basal forebrain administration of carbachol significantly increased
wakefulness. Pontine microinjection of carbachol produced a state that
polygraphically and behaviorally resembled REM sleep. This REM sleep- like
state occurred in amounts significantly greater than natural REM sleep.
Pontine carbachol also significantly decreased wakefulness and non-REM
sleep. Simultaneous injection of carbachol into the pons and basal
forebrain enhanced REM sleep, but the magnitude of this enhancement was
significantly less than the increase in REM sleep evoked by carbachol
injection into the pons alone. The results show that cholinoceptive regions
of the basal forebrain can increase wakefulness and reduce the ability of
pontine carbachol to evoke the REM sleep-like state. These findings suggest
that basal forebrain administration of carbachol activates an
arousal-generating system that can successfully compete with the powerful
cholinergic REM sleep- generating system of the pons.
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