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Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 13, 4101-4113, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Neuroscience
The direction change concept for reticulospinal control of goldfish escape
MB Foreman and RC Eaton
Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder 80309-0334.
This is an analysis of whether biomechanical or kinematic variables are
controlled by descending reticulospinal commands to the spinal cord during
escape responses (C-starts) in the goldfish. We studied how the animal
contracted its trunk musculature to orient an escape trajectory. We used
trunk EMG recordings as a measure of the reticulospinal output to the
musculature and we simultaneously gathered high-speed cinematic records of
the resulting movements. We found that the escape trajectory is controlled
by (1) the relative size of the agonist versus the antagonist muscle
contractions on two sides of the body and (2) the timing between these
contractions. We found no separate signal for forward propulsion (or force)
apart from the initial stage 1 bending of the body. Rather, the neural
specification of force is embedded in the commands to bend the body. Thus,
our findings demonstrate the importance of the angular kinematic
components, or direction changes, caused by the descending reticulospinal
command. This new direction change concept is important for two reasons.
First, it unifies the diversity of C-start movement patterns into a single
and rather simple quantitative model. Second, the model is analogous to the
systematic EMG and kinematic changes observed by others to underlie single
joint movements of limbs in other vertebrates such as primates. As in these
cases, the fish capitalizes on the mechanical properties of the muscle by
setting the extent and timing of agonist and antagonist contractions. This,
plus the fact that sensory feedback is likely to be minimal, may enable the
animal to reduce the number of computational steps in its motor commands
used to produce the escape response. Because horizontal body movements in
fish are a fundamental vertebrate movement pattern produced by a highly
conserved brainstem movement system, our findings may have general
implications for understanding the neural basis of rapid movements of
diverse body parts.
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