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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 13, 4157-4180, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Neuroscience
The layout of iso-orientation domains in area 18 of cat visual cortex: optical imaging reveals a pinwheel-like organization
T Bonhoeffer and A Grinvald
Laboratory of Neurobiology, Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021.
In this study we used optical imaging based on activity-dependent intrinsic
signals to determine the distribution of cells responding to gratings of
various orientations moving in different directions in area 18 of cat
visual cortex. To test directional-selective clustering of neurons, we
compared cortical activity maps obtained by stimulation with two gratings
of identical orientation but moving in opposite directions. We found those
maps to be almost identical, suggesting that neurons are not notably
clustered into directionality columns. We also compared activity maps
obtained with gratings of different orientations. Each of the orientation
maps was similar to the 2- deoxyglucose maps previously reported. Having
compiled the information obtained from the different orientations into one
"orientation preference map," we found, in contrast to earlier reports,
that iso- orientation domains are not elongated parallel bands but are
small patches organized in "pinwheels" around points that we refer to as
"orientation centers." We furthermore show that the only locations at which
orientation preference changes rapidly are these orientation centers and
not lines or loops. In addition, this report clarifies that our
observations on the functional architecture of cat area 18, although at
first sight at variance with earlier observations, are actually fully
consistent with them. We therefore propose that in cat visual cortex
pinwheel-like patterns of orientation preference form an irregular mosaic
of modular units with an average density of 1.2 pinwheels per square
millimeter.
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