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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 13, 467-491, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Neuroscience
Convergent force fields organized in the frog's spinal cord
SF Giszter, FA Mussa-Ivaldi and E Bizzi
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139-4307.
Microstimulation of the gray matter of the frog's spinal cord was used to
elicit motor responses. Force responses were recorded with the frog's ankle
clamped while EMG activity was monitored. The collections of force patterns
elicited at different leg configurations were summarized as force fields.
These force fields showed convergence to an equilibrium point. The
equilibrium paths were calculated from the force fields with the leg
clamped. These paths predicted free limb motion in 75% of trials. The force
fields were separated into active and prestimulation resting responses. The
active force field responses had a fixed position equilibrium. These active
force fields were modulated in amplitude over time, although the balance
and orientations of forces in the pattern remained fixed. The active fields
grouped into a few classes. These included both convergent and parallel
fields. The convergent force fields (CFFS) could be observed in
deafferented preparations. Motoneuron (MN) activity underlying the force
fields was marked using sulforhodamine. The marked activity covered several
segments. Several simulations and MN stimulations show that topography,
limb geometry, and random activation could not account for the results. It
is likely that propriospinal interneurons distribute the activity that
underlies the responses observed here. Experiments showed that CFFs that
resemble those elicited by microstimulation also underlie natural
behaviors. The full variety of fields revealed by microstimulation was
larger than the repertoire elicited by cutaneous stimulation. It was
concluded that fixed-pattern force fields elicited in the spinal cord may
be viewed as movement primitives. These force fields could form building
blocks for more complex behaviors.
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