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Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 13, 2739-2748, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Neuroscience
The neurotrophic factor concept: a reexamination
S Korsching
Max-Planck-Institut fur Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Physikalische Biologie, Tubingen, Germany.
The neurotrophic factor concept in its basic form envisages that innervated
tissues produce a signal for the innervating neurons for the selective
limitation of neuronal death occurring during development (Purves, 1986;
Oppenheim, 1991). This concept arose several decades ago on the basis of
the observation that experimental manipulation of the amount of target
tissue could modulate the size of neuronal populations. By making the
survival of neurons dependent on their target, nature would provide a means
to match neuron and target cell populations. NGF, discovered in the 1950s,
represents the first known molecular realization of the neurotrophic factor
concept. NGF was found to regulate survival, neurite growth, and
neurotransmitter production of a particular neuronal type, the sympathetic
neurons of the PNS. NGF produced by target cells is specifically bound and
internalized by sympathetic neurons, followed by retrograde axonal
transport of NGF to the cell soma, where NGF exerts its effects via the
cotransported receptor molecule (Levi-Montalcini, 1987; Thoenen et al.,
1987). Strictly speaking, increased neurite growth and neurotransmitter
production are not trophic effects; however, I will use the term
"neurotrophic" in the extended meaning of enhancing neuronal
differentiation as well as neuronal survival. It was expected that these
results could be generalized to a model of multiple, mutually independent,
retrograde trophic messengers, which are synthesized in distinct target
areas and act on restricted neuronal types (Fig. 1). This assumption leads
to a conceptually simple way to arrange and maintain a variety of neuronal
subsystems. One might call this a modular approach to the construction of
the nervous system. The hypothesis of multiple retrograde signals has
gained widespread experimental support in recent years. Originally proposed
for the PNS, the model could be extended to the CNS, in which target
neurons synthesize trophic factors for their afferent neurons (Ernfors et
al., 1990b). In addition to NGF, a family of NGF-related molecules (now
commonly called neurotrophins), which are thought to exert retrograde
trophic influences (DiStefano et al., 1992), has been identified.
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