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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 13, 2801-2820, Copyright © 1993 by Society for Neuroscience
Changes of synaptic density in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey from fetal to adult stage
JP Bourgeois and P Rakic
Departement des Biotechnologies, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
The kinetics of synaptogenesis in the primary visual cortex (Brodmann's
area 17) were analyzed by electron microscopy in 33 rhesus monkeys, ranging
in age from the 50th embryonic day (E50) to 20 years. A series of
overlapping electron micrographs (vertical probes) were examined at each
age on sections of the upper bank of the calcarine fissure. Synaptic
contacts were first observed in the E50 specimen in the subplate and
marginal zone (prospective layer I). In the cortical plate itself, synapses
appear between E65 and E89 starting in the prospective layer VI. By E112,
after all cortical neurons have assumed their laminar positions, synapses
situated predominantly on dendritic shafts were present at a low density
throughout the full thickness of the cortical plate. Thereafter, synapses
accumulate more rapidly on dendritic spines and by E144 an equal number of
contacts are found on both spines and shafts. The density of synapses
continues to increase exponentially in all layers and reaches the mean
maximum density of about 90 synapses per 100 microns 3 of neuropil by the
third postnatal month. During the next 2 postnatal years the density of
synaptic contacts decreases only slightly to a mean of 80/100 microns 3 of
neuropil. Around the time of puberty, however, synaptic density decreases
more rapidly to reach the adult level of about 40-50/100 microns 3 of
neuropil. The 40% decrease in the density of synaptic contacts occurring
between 2.7 and 5 years represents a loss of about 5000 synapses per second
in the primary visual cortex of the two hemispheres, due primarily to the
loss of asymmetric synapses situated on dendritic spines. The transient
phase of high density of synaptic contacts located on dendrospines is
shorter in thalamo-recipient layer IV than in either supra- or
intragranular layers and is completed within the first postnatal year. It
ends earlier in sublayer IVC than in layers IVAB and II-III, for example,
reflecting biochemical and functional maturation of the different visual
subsystems.
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