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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 6500-6510, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Topographic organization of respiratory responses to glutamate microstimulation of the parabrachial nucleus in the rat
NL Chamberlin and CB Saper
Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
The parabrachial complex, also known as the pneumotaxic center or pontine
respiratory group, has long been recognized as an important participant in
respiratory control. One line of evidence supporting this idea is the
demonstration of changes in breathing pattern following injection of
neuroactive substances into or near the parabrachial complex. However, it
is not yet known exactly which cell groups and projections mediate those
responses. In order to address this issue, we explored the topographic
organization of respiratory responses to chemical stimulation of the
parabrachial complex of the rat and examined the descending projections of
the most sensitive sites. Injection of glutamate (5-100 pmol) at specific
sites in or near the parabrachial nucleus produced three distinct
site-specific response patterns. First, hyperpnea followed glutamate
injection into far rostral and midcaudal areas of the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus
and most of the lateral parabrachial nucleus, including the external
lateral, central lateral, dorsal lateral, and superior lateral subnuclei.
Threshold hyperpneic effects were manifested as single, deepened breaths of
premature onset. Suprathreshold doses of glutamate at these locations
produced tachypnea. Neurons in these sites projected to the ventral
respiratory group in the ventrolateral medulla. Second, the most intense
inspiratory facilitatory responses were seen at mid to rostral levels of
the Kolliker-Fuse nucleus, near the ventrolateral tip of the superior
cerebellar peduncle. Even at threshold doses of glutamate, exhalation was
incomplete, resulting in a breathing pattern that resembled apneusis (an
inspiratory cramp). This site contained an especially dense cluster of
neurons that projected either to the ventrolateral medulla or to the dorsal
respiratory group in the nucleus of the solitary tract, but not to both
areas. The third type of response, decreases in respiratory rate, occurred
following glutamate injection at the most lateral and ventral boundaries of
the Kolliker- Fuse nucleus. The most sensitive apneic sites were not found
in the parabrachial nucleus but along the dorsal and medial edge of the
principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and extending ventrally between the
sensory and motor trigeminal nuclei. Scattered neurons in these sites were
retrogradely labeled from the ventral but not the dorsal respiratory group.
These results indicate that there are anatomically and functionally
distinct cell populations in and near the parabrachial complex that, when
chemically stimulated, can produce specific and sometimes opposing effects
on respiration. The predominant effect of lateral parabrachial stimulation
is respiratory facilitation, while inhibitory effects are elicited by
trigeminal injections of glutamate.
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