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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 6608-6620, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Axons of early generated neurons in cingulate cortex pioneer the corpus callosum
SE Koester and DD O'Leary
Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.
The internal capsule and corpus callosum are the two major efferent axonal
pathways of the mammalian neocortex. Previous studies have shown that the
first cortical axons to grow through the internal capsule, the pathway from
cortex to its subcortical targets, are extended by subplate neurons, which
are the earliest generated neurons in the neocortex. Here, we characterize
the origin of the first axons to project through the other major efferent
pathway of the cortex, the midline corpus callosum, which connects the two
cortical hemispheres. Using anterograde Dil tracing, we show that cortical
axons first cross the midline through the nascent corpus callosum at E17.
Retrograde Dil labeling from medial cortex at E18 reveals that these axons
originate from a discrete group of neurons in medial (presumptive
cingulate) cortex. These early callosal cells have complex morphologies
with highly branched dendrites and later appear to take on a pyramidal form
characteristic of callosal neurons in deep layers of cingulate cortex.
3H-thymidine birthdating demonstrates that these cells are predominantly
generated on E14, making them among the earliest generated neurons in this
cortical region. Injections of retrograde tracers in one cortical
hemisphere at late embryonic or early postnatal ages result in substantial
numbers of neurons labeled in the ipsilateral subplate, but only a few
neurons labeled in the contralateral subplate. Thus, subplate neurons do
not pioneer or ever project in significant numbers through the corpus
callosum. We conclude that the two major efferent pathways from cortex, the
corpus callosum and the internal capsule, are pioneered by developmentally
and spatially distinct populations of early generated cortical neurons.
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