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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 7024-7039, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Retinal axon divergence in the optic chiasm: dynamics of growth cone behavior at the midline [published erratum appears in J Neurosci 1995 Mar;15(3):following table of contents]
P Godement, LC Wang and CA Mason
Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032.
To study how retinal ganglion cell axons diverge in the optic chiasm, the
behavior of dye-labeled fibers was monitored in real time with video
microscopy in an isolated preparation of embryonic mouse brain, with a
focus on embryonic day 15-16. These real-time studies have revealed the
dynamics of the growth of individual retinal axons, especially the tempo of
extension and growth cone behaviors during divergence in the chiasm, a
model for "decision" regions in developing pathways. Within the chiasm,
retinal growth cones extend by saltatory growth, consisting of bursts of
rapid advance alternating with pauses in extension. During pauses, growth
cone appendages remain motile, and develop asymmetries prior to a change in
the axis of growth. In a zone straddling the midline, retinal fibers,
irrespective of destination, display long pauses for up to several hours,
making small advances and retractions with no net extension. While crossed
fibers ultimately progress through the midline, uncrossed fibers from
inferior temporal retina develop wide-ranging branched growth cones, and
then turn back to the ipsilateral side. Turns are effected by the selective
retraction or micropruning of asymmetric foci of motile activity, and by
the transformation of a backward-directed filopodium into a new growth
cone. The behavior of retinal axons at the midline supports the hypothesis
that this locus contains cues important for retinal axon divergence.
Moreover, the observations of growth cone kinetics in the chiasm elucidate
which growth cone forms seen in static preparations mediate growth cone
turning, and suggest a model of axon navigation in decision regions in the
intact nervous system.
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