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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 1908-1919, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Neural mechanisms underlying melodic perception and memory for pitch
RJ Zatorre, AC Evans and E Meyer
McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.
The neural correlates of music perception were studied by measuring
cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes with positron emission tomography (PET).
Twelve volunteers were scanned using the bolus water method under four
separate conditions: (1) listening to a sequence of noise bursts, (2)
listening to unfamiliar tonal melodies, (3) comparing the pitch of the
first two notes of the same set of melodies, and (4) comparing the pitch of
the first and last notes of the melodies. The latter two conditions were
designed to investigate short-term pitch retention under low or high memory
load, respectively. Subtraction of the obtained PET images, superimposed on
matched MRI scans, provides anatomical localization of CBF changes
associated with specific cognitive functions. Listening to melodies,
relative to acoustically matched noise sequences, resulted in CBF increases
in the right superior temporal and right occipital cortices. Pitch
judgments of the first two notes of each melody, relative to passive
listening to the same stimuli, resulted in right frontal-lobe activation.
Analysis of the high memory load condition relative to passive listening
revealed the participation of a number of cortical and subcortical regions,
notably in the right frontal and right temporal lobes, as well as in
parietal and insular cortex. Both pitch judgment conditions also revealed
CBF decreases within the left primary auditory cortex. We conclude that
specialized neural systems in the right superior temporal cortex
participate in perceptual analysis of melodies; pitch comparisons are
effected via a neural network that includes right prefrontal cortex, but
active retention of pitch involves the interaction of right temporal and
frontal cortices.
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