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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 14, 2161-2177, Copyright © 1994 by Society for Neuroscience
Dynamic behaviors of growth cones extending in the corpus callosum of living cortical brain slices observed with video microscopy
MC Halloran and K Kalil
Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.
During development, axons of the mammalian corpus callosum must navigate
across the midline to establish connections with corresponding targets in
the contralateral cerebral cortex. To gain insight into how growth cones of
callosal axons respond to putative guidance cues along this CNS pathway, we
have used time-lapse video microscopy to observe dynamic behaviors of
individual callosal growth cones extending in living brain slices from
neonatal hamster sensorimotor cortex. Crystals of the lipophilic dye
1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil)
were inserted into the cortex in vivo to label small populations of
callosal axons and their growth cones. Subsequently, 400 microns brain
slices that included the injection site, the corpus callosum, and the
target cortex were placed in culture and viewed under low-light-level
conditions with a silicon- intensified target (SIT) camera. Time-lapse
video observations revealed striking differences in growth cone behaviors
in different regions of the callosal pathway. In the tract, which is
defined as the region of the callosal pathway from the injection site to
the corresponding target cortex, growth cones advanced rapidly, displaying
continual lamellipodial shape changes and filopodial exploration. Forward
advance was sometimes interrupted by brief pauses or retraction. Growth
cones in the target cortex had almost uniform compact shapes that were
consistently smaller than those in the tract. In cortex, axons adhered to
straight radial trajectories and their growth cones extended at only half
the speed of those in the tract. Growth cones in subtarget regions of the
callosum beneath cortical targets displayed complex behaviors characterized
by long pauses, extension of transitory branches, and repeated cycles of
collapse, withdrawal, and resurgence. Video observations suggested that
extension of axons into cortical targets could occur by interstitial
branching from callosal axons rather than by turning behaviors of the
primary growth cones. These results suggest the existence of guidance cues
distinct for each of these callosal regions that elicit characteristic
growth cone behaviors.
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