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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 7757-7768, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Transduction and adaptation in sensory receptor cells
V Torre, JF Ashmore, TD Lamb and A Menini
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Genova, Italia.
Sensory transduction shares common features in widely different sensory
modalities. The purpose of this article is to examine the similarities and
differences in the underlying mechanisms of transduction in the sensory
receptor cells for vision, olfaction, and hearing. One of the major
differences between the systems relates to the nature of the stimulus. In
both the visual and olfactory systems a quantal mechanism of detection is
possible, because the absorption of a photon or the binding of an odorant
molecule provides an energy change significantly greater than the thermal
noise in the receptor molecule. In hearing, on the other hand, the energy
of a phonon is far lower, and detection occurs by a "classical" mechanism.
For vertebrate photoreceptors and olfactory receptor cells, sensory
transduction employs a G protein cascade that is remarkably similar in the
two cases, and that is closely homologous to other G protein signaling
cascades. For auditory and vestibular hair cells, transduction operates via
a mechanism of direct coupling of the stimulus to ion channels, in a manner
reminiscent of the direct gating of post-synaptic ion channels in various
synaptic mechanisms. The three classes of sensory receptor cell share
similarities in their mechanisms of adaptation, and it appears in each case
that cytoplasmic calcium concentration plays a major role in adaptation.
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