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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 2609-2627, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Functional identification of central afferent projections conveying information of acute "stress" to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus
PJ Larsen and JD Mikkelsen
Department of Anatomy, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Intraperitoneal administration of hypertonic saline is a potent stimulus to
the "stress" responsive hypophysiotrophic parvicellular neurons of the
hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), as well as to magnocellular
neurons of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. Precise identification
of the pathways gating information about the "stress" of intraperitoneal
hypertonic saline to the PVN has not been ascertained earlier. In this
study we demonstrate that intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline
induces increased expression of c-fos immunoreactivity within neurons of
the medial parvicellular division of the PVN, within the circumventricular
organs surrounding the anteroventral tip of the third ventricle, and within
the magnocellular neurons of the PVN and supraoptic nucleus. Also, neurons
involved in conveying visceral information to the PVN, including the
parabrachial nucleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the
ventrolateral medulla responded with increased c-fos expression to the
"stress" paradigm. Combined c-fos immunocytochemistry and retrograde
tracing experiments with cholera toxin B (ChB) was used to identify neurons
projecting to the PVN activated by the applied "stressor." Neither the mere
intracerebral presence of ChB nor intraperitoneal administration of
isotonic saline influenced the number of c-fos immunoreactive nuclei in the
brain. Dual immunocytochemistry revealed that intraperitoneal
administration of hypertonic saline induced expression of c-fos
immunoreactive nuclei in approximately half of the retrogradely labeled
neurons projecting to the PVN from the anteroventral tip of the third
ventricle (AV3v), including the subfornical organ (SFO) and the organum
vasculosum laminae terminalis (OVLT). In the brainstem, the "stressor"
induced expression of c-fos-IR nuclei in almost all of the retrogradely
labeled cells of the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata (A1 and
C1), while only about 25% of the ChB-labeled cells of the caudal part of
the nucleus of the solitary tract (A2) were concomitantly immunoreactive to
c-fos. Within the parabrachial nucleus, only 20% of the ChB-labeled cells
were also immunoreactive for c-fos. The present results provide evidence
that information about the "stress" of intraperitoneal hypertonic saline is
conveyed to both magnocellular neurons projecting to the neurohypophysis
and hypophysiotrophic parvicellular neurons the PVN via afferent
projections from a variety of neurons in the osmosensitive anteroventral
tip of the third ventricle and visceromotor neurons of the parabrachial
nucleus, the ventrolateral medulla and the nucleus of the solitary tract.
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