 |
 Previous Article | Next Article 
Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 3284-3306, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere
SQ He, RP Dum and PL Strick
Department of Physiology, SUNY Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210, USA.
We examined the topographic organization of corticospinal neurons in the
four premotor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere of macaques. These
motor areas include the supplementary motor area (SMA) and three areas
buried within the cingulate sulcus: the caudal cingulate motor area on the
dorsal bank (CMAd), the caudal cingulate motor area on the ventral bank
(CMAv), and the rostral cingulate motor area (CMAr). In one set of animals,
we injected one fluorescent tracer into lower cervical segments of the
spinal cord and another fluorescent tracer into lower lumbosacral segments
to define the topographic organization of arm and leg representation within
each premotor area. Similarly, in another set of animals, we injected
different tracers into upper cervical and lower cervical segments to
provide an indication of the topographic organization of proximal and
distal arm representation within the arm representation of each premotor
area. We found that all four of the premotor areas on the medial wall
project to cervical and lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord. Three of
these areas (SMA, CMAd, and CMAv) are like the primary motor cortex in
having distinct arm and leg representations. The arm representation in each
of the four motor areas on the medial wall contains separate regions that
project densely to upper or to lower cervical segments. This observation
suggests that each motor area contains distinct proximal and distal
representations of the arm. Surprisingly, the size of the distal
representation is comparable to or larger than the size of the proximal
representation in each motor area. Thus, contrary to some previous
hypotheses, the anatomical substrate exists for the premotor areas on the
medial wall to be involved in the control of distal, as well as proximal
arm movements. Our results provide a new map for guiding the exploration of
the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere. Furthermore, the
observations of the present study support our suggestion that each of the
premotor areas may be an important source of descending commands for the
generation and control of movement.
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
S. Dechaumont-Palacin, P. Marque, X. De Boissezon, E. Castel-Lacanal, C. Carel, I. Berry, J. Pastor, J.F. Albucher, F. Chollet, and I. Loubinoux
Neural Correlates of Proprioceptive Integration in the Contralesional Hemisphere of Very Impaired Patients Shortly After a Subcortical Stroke: An fMRI Study
Neurorehabil Neural Repair,
April 1, 2008;
22(2):
154 - 165.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. G. Richardson, G. Lassi-Tucci, C. Padoa-Schioppa, and E. Bizzi
Neuronal Activity in the Cingulate Motor Areas During Adaptation to a New Dynamic Environment
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 2008;
99(3):
1253 - 1266.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Raos, M. N. Evangeliou, and H. E. Savaki
Mental Simulation of Action in the Service of Action Perception
J. Neurosci.,
November 14, 2007;
27(46):
12675 - 12683.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. J. Taylor, A. C. Nobre, and M. F. S. Rushworth
Subsecond Changes in Top Down Control Exerted by Human Medial Frontal Cortex during Conflict and Action Selection: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Electroencephalography Study
J. Neurosci.,
October 17, 2007;
27(42):
11343 - 11353.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Akkal, R. P. Dum, and P. L. Strick
Supplementary Motor Area and Presupplementary Motor Area: Targets of Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Output
J. Neurosci.,
October 3, 2007;
27(40):
10659 - 10673.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. D. MacKinnon, D. Bissig, J. Chiusano, E. Miller, L. Rudnick, C. Jager, Y. Zhang, M.-L. Mille, and M. W. Rogers
Preparation of Anticipatory Postural Adjustments Prior to Stepping
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2007;
97(6):
4368 - 4379.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Isa, Y. Ohki, B. Alstermark, L.-G. Pettersson, and S. Sasaki
Direct and Indirect Cortico-Motoneuronal Pathways and Control of Hand/Arm Movements
Physiology,
April 1, 2007;
22(2):
145 - 152.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S.A. Graziano and T. N. Aflalo
Rethinking Cortical Organization: Moving Away from Discrete Areas Arranged in Hierarchies
Neuroscientist,
April 1, 2007;
13(2):
138 - 147.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Abe, T. Hanakawa, Y. Takayama, C. Kuroki, S. Ogawa, and H. Fukuyama
Functional Coupling of Human Prefrontal and Premotor Areas during Cognitive Manipulation
J. Neurosci.,
March 28, 2007;
27(13):
3429 - 3438.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Matsumoto, D. R. Nair, E. LaPresto, W. Bingaman, H. Shibasaki, and H. O. Luders
Functional connectivity in human cortical motor system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study
Brain,
January 1, 2007;
130(1):
181 - 197.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Aramaki, M. Honda, T. Okada, and N. Sadato
Neural Correlates of the Spontaneous Phase Transition during Bimanual Coordination
Cereb Cortex,
September 1, 2006;
16(9):
1338 - 1348.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Lau, R. D. Rogers, and R. E. Passingham
On measuring the perceived onsets of spontaneous actions.
J. Neurosci.,
July 5, 2006;
26(27):
7265 - 7271.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. Newton, N. S. Ward, G. J. M. Parker, R. Deichmann, D. C. Alexander, K. J. Friston, and R. S. J. Frackowiak
Non-invasive mapping of corticofugal fibres from multiple motor areas--relevance to stroke recovery
Brain,
July 1, 2006;
129(7):
1844 - 1858.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-H. Boudrias, A. Belhaj-Saif, M. C. Park, and P. D. Cheney
Contrasting Properties of Motor Output from the Supplementary Motor Area and Primary Motor Cortex in Rhesus Macaques
Cereb Cortex,
May 1, 2006;
16(5):
632 - 638.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. A. Chouinard and T. Paus
The Primary Motor and Premotor Areas of the Human Cerebral Cortex
Neuroscientist,
April 1, 2006;
12(2):
143 - 152.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Paz, C. Natan, T. Boraud, H. Bergman, and E. Vaadia
Emerging Patterns of Neuronal Responses in Supplementary and Primary Motor Areas during Sensorimotor Adaptation
J. Neurosci.,
November 23, 2005;
25(47):
10941 - 10951.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Hoshi, H. Sawamura, and J. Tanji
Neurons in the Rostral Cingulate Motor Area Monitor Multiple Phases of Visuomotor Behavior With Modest Parametric Selectivity
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2005;
94(1):
640 - 656.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Clower, R. P. Dum, and P. L. Strick
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to 'AIP'
Cereb Cortex,
July 1, 2005;
15(7):
913 - 920.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Isoda
Context-Dependent Stimulation Effects on Saccade Initiation in the Presupplementary Motor Area of the Monkey
J Neurophysiol,
May 1, 2005;
93(5):
3016 - 3022.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Dum and P. L. Strick
Frontal Lobe Inputs to the Digit Representations of the Motor Areas on the Lateral Surface of the Hemisphere
J. Neurosci.,
February 9, 2005;
25(6):
1375 - 1386.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Sharshar, N. S Hopkinson, S. Jonville, H. Prigent, R. Carlier, M. J Dayer, E. B Swallow, F. Lofaso, J. Moxham, and M. I Polkey
Demonstration of a second rapidly conducting cortico-diaphragmatic pathway in humans
J. Physiol.,
November 1, 2004;
560(3):
897 - 908.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Li, D. G. Kamper, J. A. Stevens, and W. Z. Rymer
The Effect of Motor Imagery on Spinal Segmental Excitability
J. Neurosci.,
October 27, 2004;
24(43):
9674 - 9680.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Isoda and J. Tanji
Participation of the Primate Presupplementary Motor Area in Sequencing Multiple Saccades
J Neurophysiol,
July 1, 2004;
92(1):
653 - 659.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. W. Kennerley, K. Sakai, and M.F.S. Rushworth
Organization of Action Sequences and the Role of the Pre-SMA
J Neurophysiol,
February 1, 2004;
91(2):
978 - 993.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Padoa-Schioppa, C.-S. R. Li, and E. Bizzi
Neuronal Activity in the Supplementary Motor Area of Monkeys Adapting to a New Dynamic Environment
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2004;
91(1):
449 - 473.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Isomura, Y. Ito, T. Akazawa, A. Nambu, and M. Takada
Neural Coding of "Attention for Action" and "Response Selection" in Primate Anterior Cingulate Cortex
J. Neurosci.,
September 3, 2003;
23(22):
8002 - 8012.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Picard and P. L. Strick
Activation of the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) during Performance of Visually Guided Movements
Cereb Cortex,
September 1, 2003;
13(9):
977 - 986.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. S. Rushworth, K. A. Hadland, D. Gaffan, and R. E. Passingham
The Effect of Cingulate Cortex Lesions on Task Switching and Working Memory
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
April 1, 2003;
15(3):
338 - 353.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Duque, J.-L. Thonnard, Y. Vandermeeren, G. Sebire, G. Cosnard, and E. Olivier
Correlation between impaired dexterity and corticospinal tract dysgenesis in congenital hemiplegia
Brain,
March 1, 2003;
126(3):
732 - 747.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hanakawa, I. Immisch, K. Toma, M. A. Dimyan, P. Van Gelderen, and M. Hallett
Functional Properties of Brain Areas Associated With Motor Execution and Imagery
J Neurophysiol,
February 1, 2003;
89(2):
989 - 1002.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Escola, Th. Michelet, F. Macia, D. Guehl, B. Bioulac, and P. Burbaud
Disruption of information processing in the supplementary motor area of the MPTP-treated monkey: A clue to the pathophysiology of akinesia?
Brain,
January 1, 2003;
126(1):
95 - 114.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Dum and P. L. Strick
An Unfolded Map of the Cerebellar Dentate Nucleus and its Projections to the Cerebral Cortex
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2003;
89(1):
634 - 639.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Russo, D. A. Backus, S. Ye, and M. D. Crutcher
Neural Activity in Monkey Dorsal and Ventral Cingulate Motor Areas: Comparison with the Supplementary Motor Area
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 2002;
88(5):
2612 - 2629.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Hanakawa, M. Honda, N. Sawamoto, T. Okada, Y. Yonekura, H. Fukuyama, and H. Shibasaki
The Role of Rostral Brodmann Area 6 in Mental-operation Tasks: an Integrative Neuroimaging Approach
Cereb Cortex,
November 1, 2002;
12(11):
1157 - 1170.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.F.S. Rushworth, K. A. Hadland, T. Paus, and P. K. Sipila
Role of the Human Medial Frontal Cortex in Task Switching: A Combined fMRI and TMS Study
J Neurophysiol,
May 1, 2002;
87(5):
2577 - 2592.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. J. Morecraft, J. L. Herrick, K. S. Stilwell-Morecraft, J. L. Louie, C. M. Schroeder, J. G. Ottenbacher, and M. W. Schoolfield
Localization of arm representation in the corona radiata and internal capsule in the non-human primate
Brain,
January 1, 2002;
125(1):
176 - 198.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. Ehrsson, A. Fagergren, and H. Forssberg
Differential Fronto-Parietal Activation Depending on Force Used in a Precision Grip Task: An fMRI Study
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 2001;
85(6):
2613 - 2623.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Crosson, J. R. Sadek, L. Maron, D. Gokcay, C. M. Mohr, E. J. Auerbach, A. J. Freeman, C. M. Leonard, and R. W. Briggs
Relative Shift in Activity from Medial to Lateral Frontal Cortex During Internally Versus Externally Guided Word Generation
J. Cogn. Neurosci.,
March 1, 2001;
13(2):
272 - 283.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Luppino and G. Rizzolatti
The Organization of the Frontal Motor Cortex
Physiology,
October 1, 2000;
15(5):
219 - 224.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. R. McFarland and S. N. Haber
Convergent Inputs from Thalamic Motor Nuclei and Frontal Cortical Areas to the Dorsal Striatum in the Primate
J. Neurosci.,
May 15, 2000;
20(10):
3798 - 3813.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. H. Ehrsson, A. Fagergren, T. Jonsson, G. Westling, R. S. Johansson, and H. Forssberg
Cortical Activity in Precision- Versus Power-Grip Tasks: An fMRI Study
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 2000;
83(1):
528 - 536.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Tokuno and A. Nambu
Organization of Nonprimary Motor Cortical Inputs on Pyramidal and Nonpyramidal Tract Neurons of Primary Motor Cortex: An Electrophysiological Study in the Macaque Monkey
Cereb Cortex,
January 1, 2000;
10(1):
58 - 68.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Miyai, T. Suzuki, J. Kang, K. Kubota, and B. T. Volpe
Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke That Includes the Premotor Cortex Reduces Mobility Outcome
Stroke,
July 1, 1999;
30(7):
1380 - 1383.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-P. Deiber, M. Honda, V. Ibanez, N. Sadato, and M. Hallett
Mesial Motor Areas in Self-Initiated Versus Externally Triggered Movements Examined With fMRI: Effect of Movement Type and Rate
J Neurophysiol,
June 1, 1999;
81(6):
3065 - 3077.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Crosson, J. R. Sadek, J. A. Bobholz, D. Gokcay, C. M. Mohr, C. M. Leonard, L. Maron, E. J. Auerbach, S. R. Browd, A. J. Freeman, et al.
Activity in the Paracingulate and Cingulate Sulci during Word Generation: An fMRI Study of Functional Anatomy
Cereb Cortex,
June 1, 1999;
9(4):
307 - 316.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. M. Stephan, F. Binkofski, U. Halsband, C. Dohle, G. Wunderlich, A. Schnitzler, P. Tass, S. Posse, H. Herzog, V. Sturm, et al.
The role of ventral medial wall motor areas in bimanual co-ordination: A combined lesion and activation study
Brain,
February 1, 1999;
122(2):
351 - 368.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. T. Grafton, E. Hazeltine, and R. B. Ivry
Abstract and Effector-Specific Representations of Motor Sequences Identified with PET
J. Neurosci.,
November 15, 1998;
18(22):
9420 - 9428.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Shima and J. Tanji
Role for Cingulate Motor Area Cells in Voluntary Movement Selection Based on Reward
Science,
November 13, 1998;
282(5392):
1335 - 1338.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Nakamura, K. Sakai, and O. Hikosaka
Neuronal Activity in Medial Frontal Cortex During Learning of Sequential Procedures
J Neurophysiol,
November 1, 1998;
80(5):
2671 - 2687.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. McKiernan, J. K. Marcario, J. H. Karrer, and P. D. Cheney
Corticomotoneuronal Postspike Effects in Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist, Digit, and Intrinsic Hand Muscles During a Reach and Prehension Task
J Neurophysiol,
October 1, 1998;
80(4):
1961 - 1980.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. T. Clower and G. E. Alexander
Movement Sequence-Related Activity Reflecting Numerical Order of Components in Supplementary and Presupplementary Motor Areas
J Neurophysiol,
September 1, 1998;
80(3):
1562 - 1566.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-P. Deiber, S. P. Wise, M. Honda, M. J. Catalan, J. Grafman, and M. Hallett
Frontal and Parietal Networks for Conditional Motor Learning: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
J Neurophysiol,
August 1, 1997;
78(2):
977 - 991.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. R. Fink, R. S. J. Frackowiak, U. Pietrzyk, and R. E. Passingham
Multiple Nonprimary Motor Areas in the Human Cortex
J Neurophysiol,
April 1, 1997;
77(4):
2164 - 2174.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Picard and P. L. Strick
Activation on the Medial Wall During Remembered Sequences of Reaching Movements in Monkeys
J Neurophysiol,
April 1, 1997;
77(4):
2197 - 2201.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Shen and G. E. Alexander
Preferential Representation of Instructed Target Location Versus Limb Trajectory in Dorsal Premotor Area
J Neurophysiol,
March 1, 1997;
77(3):
1195 - 1212.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Cadoret and A. M. Smith
Comparison of the Neuronal Activity in the SMA and the Ventral Cingulate Cortex During Prehension in the Monkey
J Neurophysiol,
January 1, 1997;
77(1):
153 - 166.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. P. Dum and P. L. Strick
Spinal Cord Terminations of the Medial Wall Motor Areas in Macaque Monkeys
J. Neurosci.,
October 15, 1996;
16(20):
6513 - 6525.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
