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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 3526-3538, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Contribution of the circadian pacemaker and the sleep homeostat to sleep propensity, sleep structure, electroencephalographic slow waves, and sleep spindle activity in humans
DJ Dijk and CA Czeisler
Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
The role of the endogenous circadian pacemaker in the timing of the
sleep-wake cycle and the regulation of the internal structure of sleep,
including REM sleep, EEG slow-wave (0.75-4.5 Hz) and sleep spindle activity
(12.75-15.0 Hz) was investigated. Eight men lived in an environment free of
time cues for 33-36 d and were scheduled to a 28 hr rest-activity cycle so
that sleep episodes (9.33 hr each) occurred at all phases of the endogenous
circadian cycle and variations in wakefulness preceding sleep were
minimized. The crest of the robust circadian rhythm of REM sleep, which was
observed throughout the sleep episode, was positioned shortly after the
minimum of the core body temperature rhythm. Furthermore, a sleep-dependent
increase of REM sleep was present, which, interacting with the circadian
modulation, resulted in highest values of REM sleep when the end of
scheduled sleep episodes coincided with habitual wake-time. Slow-wave
activity decreased and sleep spindle activity increased in the course of
all sleep episodes. Slow-wave activity in non-REM sleep exhibited a low
amplitude circadian modulation which did not parallel the circadian rhythm
of sleep propensity. Sleep spindle activity showed a marked endogenous
circadian rhythm; its crest coincident with the beginning of the habitual
sleep episode. Analyses of the (nonadditive) interaction of the circadian
and sleep-dependent components of sleep propensity and sleep structure
revealed that the phase relation between the sleep-wake cycle and the
circadian pacemaker during entrainment promotes the consolidation of sleep
and wakefulness and facilitates the transitions between these vigilance
states.
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