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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 5169-5178, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Dopaminergic correlates of motivated behavior: importance of drive
C Wilson, GG Nomikos, M Collu and HC Fibiger
Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
In vivo brain microdialysis was used to monitor changes in dopamine (DA)
release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) during anticipatory and consummatory
components of feeding behavior. During 10 daily training sessions, rats
were first confined to one compartment of a testing chamber for 10 minutes.
During this period (anticipatory phase) they were prevented from gaining
access to a highly palatable liquid meal by a wire mesh screen. The screen
was then removed and the animals were permitted to consume the meal for 20
min (consummatory phase). On removal of the screen, the latency to begin
drinking decreased and the amount consumed increased as a function of days
of training, both measures reaching asymptotic levels by day 7. Trained
animals were implanted with dialysis probes in the NAc on day 10, and on
day 12 DA release was monitored during the feeding session. Compared to
controls, trained animals failed to show significantly greater increases in
accumbal DA release during the anticipatory phase, all groups showing small
(approximately 10%) increases on being placed in the test chamber. In
contrast, compared to controls, DA release increased significantly in the
NAc during consumption of the palatable meal. The magnitude of this
increase was significantly enhanced (30% vs 71% peak increase) in animals
that were 20 hr food deprived at the time of testing. The latter animals
also showed a statistically significant increase (24%) in DA release during
the anticipatory phase. A subsequent experiment in which consumption of the
palatable liquid was limited to 5 ml in deprived and nondeprived animals
indicated that only part of the deprivation-induced potentiation of
accumbal DA release could be attributed to the larger volume consumed by
the deprived animals. That is, the same volume and rate of consumption of a
small amount of the liquid diet produced a significantly greater increase
in accumbal DA release in deprived than in nondeprived animals (42% vs 23%
peak increase). Feeding-induced increases in accumbal DA release were not
due to postingestional factors as direct injections of the liquid diet into
the stomach by gavage failed to produce this effect. The results of these
experiments indicate (1) that consummatory rather than anticipatory aspects
of feeding are robustly associated with increases in DA release in the NAc,
and (2) that motivational state can influence the magnitude of the
neurochemical events that are associated with goal- directed behaviors.
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