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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 5989-5998, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Structural and functional evolution of the vasopressin/oxytocin superfamily: vasopressin-related conopressin is the only member present in Lymnaea, and is involved in the control of sexual behavior
RE Van Kesteren, AB Smit, RP De Lange, KS Kits, FA Van Golen, RC Van Der Schors, ND De With, JF Burke and WP Geraerts
Graduate School Neurosciences Amsterdam, Faculty of Biology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands.
It has been suggested that the gene duplication that led to the formation
of the vasopressin/oxytocin two-gene family occurred early during
vertebrate evolution. However, the existence of both vasopressin- and
oxytocin-related peptides in invertebrates suggests that this duplication
may have occurred much earlier, although there is no evidence for the
co-occurrence of vasopressin- and oxytocin-related peptides in the same
invertebrate species. We report here that in Lymnaea only the
vasopressin-related peptide Lys-conopressin, but not an oxytocin-related
peptide, is present. Moreover, it is very likely that an oxytocin-like cDNA
or gene is absent. The conopressin gene is expressed in neurons that
control male sexual behavior, and its gene products are present in the
penis nerve and the vas deferens. Conopressin induces muscular contractions
of the vas deferens and inhibits central neurons that control female
reproductive behavior. Thus, although structurally related to vasopressin,
conopressin has functional and behavioral characteristics typical for
oxytocin. Physiological and receptor binding data suggest that conopressin
and [Ile8]-conopressin, a synthetic oxytocin-like analog of conopressin,
are functionally equivalent in Lymnaea, and that the chemical nature of the
amino acid residue at position 8 does not result in a functional
difference. Therefore, we suggest that invertebrates contain only a single
member of the vasopressin/oxytocin gene family and that the amino acid
change that distinguishes vasopressin from oxytocin is functionally neutral
in invertebrates.
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