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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 6145-6156, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Corticospinal control during reach, grasp, and precision lift in man
RN Lemon, RS Johansson and G Westling
Sobell Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.
Transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS) was used to assess the
influence of the corticospinal system on motor output in seven human
subjects during a task in which they had to reach out, grasp, and lift an
object. Stimuli, directed at the hand area of the motor cortex, were
delivered at eight defined points during the task: during reach, at grip
closure, during object manipulation, during the parallel isometric increase
in grip and load forces, during the lifting movement, and while the object
was held in air. The amplitudes of short-latency EMG responses evoked by
TMS in six arm and hand muscles showed a striking modulation across the
different phases of the task. This modulation may well reflect phasic
changes in corticospinal excitability because: (1) it did not simply
reflect phasic changes in muscular activity associated with task
performance, (2) it could vary inversely with the amplitude of the
background EMG, and (3) it was only obtained with weak TMS intensities,
below threshold for evoking responses in hand muscles of the relaxed
subject. Our results suggest that the cortical representations of extrinsic
hand muscles, which act to orientate the hand and finger tips, were
subjected to a strong excitatory drive throughout the reach. This drive was
also observed for brachioradialis and anterior deltoid, which contribute to
transport of the hand. In contrast, the intrinsic hand muscles appear to
receive their strongest cortical input as the digits closed around the
object, and just after the subject first touched the object at the onset of
manipulation. The isometric parallel increase in load and grip forces
necessary to lift the object, which is normally triggered by tactile
contact, was delayed by TMS delivered late during the reach. TMS at this
time may disrupt processing necessary to control this critical phase of the
task.
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