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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 15, 6271-6280, Copyright © 1995 by Society for Neuroscience
Moving effortlessly in three dimensions: does Donders' law apply to arm movement?
JF Soechting, CA Buneo, U Herrmann and M Flanders
Department of Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
Donders' law, as applied to the arm, predicts that to every location of the
hand in space there corresponds a unique posture of the arm as defined by
shoulder and elbow angles. This prediction was tested experimentally by
asking human subjects to make pointing movements to a select number of
target locations starting from a wide range of initial hand locations. The
posture of the arm was measured at the start and end of every movement by
means of video cameras. It was found that, in general, the posture of the
arm at a given hand location does depend on the starting location of the
movement and that, consequently, Donders' law is violated in this
experimental condition. Kinematic and kinetic factors that could account
for the variations in arm posture were investigated. It proved impossible
to predict the final posture of the arm purely from kinematics, based on
the initial posture of the arm. One hypothesis was successful in predicting
final arm postures, namely that the final posture minimizes the amount of
work that must be done to transport the arm from the starting location.
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