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Volume 16, Number 13,
Issue of July 1, 1996
pp. 4207-4221
Copyright ©1996 Society for Neuroscience
Linear Systems Analysis of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
in Human V1
Received Dec. 11, 1995; revised March 29, 1996; accepted April 2, 1996.
Geoffrey M. Boynton1,
Stephen A. Engel1,
Gary
H. Glover2, and
David J. Heeger1
1 Departments of Psychology and
2 Diagnostic Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford,
California 94305
The linear transform model of functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) hypothesizes that fMRI responses are proportional to local
average neural activity averaged over a period of time. This work
reports results from three empirical tests that support this
hypothesis. First, fMRI responses in human primary visual cortex (V1)
depend separably on stimulus timing and stimulus contrast. Second,
responses to long-duration stimuli can be predicted from responses to
shorter duration stimuli. Third, the noise in the fMRI data is
independent of stimulus contrast and temporal period. Although these
tests can not prove the correctness of the linear transform model, they
might have been used to reject the model. Because the linear transform
model is consistent with our data, we proceeded to estimate the
temporal fMRI impulse-response function and the underlying (presumably
neural) contrast-response function of human V1.
Key words:
functional MRI;
linear systems analysis;
contrast perception;
temporal impulse-response function;
hemodynamics;
calcarine sulcus
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I. Dinstein, U. Hasson, N. Rubin, and D. J. Heeger
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J Neurophysiol,
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B. R. Postle and M. Hamidi
Nonvisual Codes and Nonvisual Brain Areas Support Visual Working Memory
Cereb Cortex,
September 1, 2007;
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G. Hein, O. Doehrmann, N. G. Muller, J. Kaiser, L. Muckli, and M. J. Naumer
Object Familiarity and Semantic Congruency Modulate Responses in Cortical Audiovisual Integration Areas
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July 25, 2007;
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S. Nieuwenhuis, T. S. Schweizer, R. B. Mars, M. M. Botvinick, and G. Hajcak
Error-Likelihood Prediction in the Medial Frontal Cortex: A Critical Evaluation
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M. Ben-Shachar, R. F. Dougherty, G. K. Deutsch, and B. A. Wandell
Differential Sensitivity to Words and Shapes in Ventral Occipito-Temporal Cortex
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B. Hahn, T. J. Ross, and E. A. Stein
Cingulate Activation Increases Dynamically with Response Speed under Stimulus Unpredictability
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C.-H. Moon, M. Fukuda, S.-H. Park, and S.-G. Kim
Neural Interpretation of Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent fMRI Maps at Submillimeter Columnar Resolution
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June 27, 2007;
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E. Privman, Y. Nir, U. Kramer, S. Kipervasser, F. Andelman, M. Y. Neufeld, R. Mukamel, Y. Yeshurun, I. Fried, and R. Malach
Enhanced Category Tuning Revealed by Intracranial Electroencephalograms in High-Order Human Visual Areas
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June 6, 2007;
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R. H. Ofan and E. Zohary
Visual Cortex Activation in Bilingual Blind Individuals during Use of Native and Second Language
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C. Herry, D. R. Bach, F. Esposito, F. Di Salle, W. J. Perrig, K. Scheffler, A. Luthi, and E. Seifritz
Processing of Temporal Unpredictability in Human and Animal Amygdala
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May 30, 2007;
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L. J. Murray and C. Ranganath
The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Contributes to Successful Relational Memory Encoding
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May 16, 2007;
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K. Velanova, C. Lustig, L. L. Jacoby, and R. L. Buckner
Evidence for Frontally Mediated Controlled Processing Differences in Older Adults
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I. Levy, D. Schluppeck, D. J. Heeger, and P. W. Glimcher
Specificity of Human Cortical Areas for Reaches and Saccades
J. Neurosci.,
April 25, 2007;
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R. F. Goldberg, C. A. Perfetti, J. A. Fiez, and W. Schneider
Selective Retrieval of Abstract Semantic Knowledge in Left Prefrontal Cortex
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April 4, 2007;
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S. Weigelt, Z. Kourtzi, A. Kohler, W. Singer, and L. Muckli
The Cortical Representation of Objects Rotating in Depth
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April 4, 2007;
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N. M. van Atteveldt, E. Formisano, L. Blomert, and R. Goebel
The Effect of Temporal Asynchrony on the Multisensory Integration of Letters and Speech Sounds
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C. Zelano, J. Montag, B. Johnson, R. Khan, and N. Sobel
Dissociated Representations of Irritation and Valence in Human Primary Olfactory Cortex
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March 1, 2007;
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D. S. Manoach, K. N. Thakkar, M. S. Cain, F. E. Polli, J. A. Edelman, B. Fischl, and J. J. S. Barton
Neural Activity Is Modulated by Trial History: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Effects of a Previous Antisaccade
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E. P. Merriam, C. R. Genovese, and C. L. Colby
Remapping in Human Visual Cortex
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