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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 16, 785-807, Copyright © 1996 by Society for Neuroscience
Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys
RJ Nudo, GW Milliken, WM Jenkins and MM Merzenich
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston 77030, USA.
This study was undertaken to document plastic changes in the functional
topography of primary motor cortex (M1) that are generated in motor skill
learning in the normal, intact primate. Intracortical microstimulation
mapping techniques were used to derive detailed maps of the representation
of movements in the distal forelimb zone of M1 of squirrel monkeys, before
and after behavioral training on two different tasks that differentially
encouraged specific sets of forelimb movements. After training on a
small-object retrieval task, which required skilled use of the digits,
their evoked-movement digit representations expanded, whereas their
evoked-movement wrist/forearm representational zones contracted. These
changes were progressive and reversible. In a second motor skill exercise,
a monkey pronated and supinated the forearm in a key (eyebolt)-turning
task. In this case, the representation of the forearm expanded, whereas the
digit representational zones contracted. These results show that M1 is
alterable by use throughout the life of an animal. These studies also
revealed that after digit training there was an areal expansion of dual-
response representations, that is, cortical sectors over which stimulation
produced movements about two or more joints. Movement combinations that
were used more frequently after training were selectively magnified in
their cortical representations. This close correspondence between changes
in behavioral performance and electrophysiologically defined motor
representations indicates that a neurophysiological correlate of a motor
skill resides in M1 for at least several days after acquisition. The
finding that cocontracting muscles in the behavior come to be represented
together in the cortex argues that, as in sensory cortices, temporal
correlations drive emergent changes in distributed motor cortex
representations.
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