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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 16, 785-807, Copyright © 1996 by Society for Neuroscience

ARTICLE

Use-dependent alterations of movement representations in primary motor cortex of adult squirrel monkeys

RJ Nudo, GW Milliken, WM Jenkins and MM Merzenich
Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical School at Houston 77030, USA.

This study was undertaken to document plastic changes in the functional topography of primary motor cortex (M1) that are generated in motor skill learning in the normal, intact primate. Intracortical microstimulation mapping techniques were used to derive detailed maps of the representation of movements in the distal forelimb zone of M1 of squirrel monkeys, before and after behavioral training on two different tasks that differentially encouraged specific sets of forelimb movements. After training on a small-object retrieval task, which required skilled use of the digits, their evoked-movement digit representations expanded, whereas their evoked-movement wrist/forearm representational zones contracted. These changes were progressive and reversible. In a second motor skill exercise, a monkey pronated and supinated the forearm in a key (eyebolt)-turning task. In this case, the representation of the forearm expanded, whereas the digit representational zones contracted. These results show that M1 is alterable by use throughout the life of an animal. These studies also revealed that after digit training there was an areal expansion of dual- response representations, that is, cortical sectors over which stimulation produced movements about two or more joints. Movement combinations that were used more frequently after training were selectively magnified in their cortical representations. This close correspondence between changes in behavioral performance and electrophysiologically defined motor representations indicates that a neurophysiological correlate of a motor skill resides in M1 for at least several days after acquisition. The finding that cocontracting muscles in the behavior come to be represented together in the cortex argues that, as in sensory cortices, temporal correlations drive emergent changes in distributed motor cortex representations.


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Neurology: Then, Now, and in the Future
Arch Neurol, September 1, 2002; 59(9): 1369 - 1373.
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 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
D. M. Kahn and L. Krubitzer
Massive cross-modal cortical plasticity and the emergence of a new cortical area in developmentally blind mammals
PNAS, August 20, 2002; 99(17): 11429 - 11434.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
V. B. Penhune and J. Doyon
Dynamic Cortical and Subcortical Networks in Learning and Delayed Recall of Timed Motor Sequences
J. Neurosci., February 15, 2002; 22(4): 1397 - 1406.
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 BrainHome page
F. Hummel, F. Andres, E. Altenmuller, J. Dichgans, and C. Gerloff
Inhibitory control of acquired motor programmes in the human brain
Brain, February 1, 2002; 125(2): 404 - 420.
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 J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Iyengar and S. W. Bottjer
The Role of Auditory Experience in the Formation of Neural Circuits Underlying Vocal Learning in Zebra Finches
J. Neurosci., February 1, 2002; 22(3): 946 - 958.
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 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
L. Sawaki, B. Boroojerdi, A. Kaelin-Lang, A. H. Burstein, C. M. Butefisch, L. Kopylev, B. Davis, and L. G. Cohen
Cholinergic Influences on Use-Dependent Plasticity
J Neurophysiol, January 1, 2002; 87(1): 166 - 171.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Cereb CortexHome page
G. C. Teskey, M.-H. Monfils, P. M. VandenBerg, and J. A. Kleim
Motor Map Expansion Following Repeated Cortical and Limbic Seizures Is Related to Synaptic Potentiation
Cereb Cortex, January 1, 2002; 12(1): 98 - 105.
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 NeurologyHome page
N.E. Crone, L. Hao, J. Hart Jr., D. Boatman, R.P. Lesser, R. Irizarry, and B. Gordon
Electrocorticographic gamma activity during word production in spoken and sign language
Neurology, December 11, 2001; 57(11): 2045 - 2053.
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 Mult SclerHome page
S C Cramer, E Fray, A Tievsky, R A Parker, P N Riskind, M C Stein, V Wedeen, and B R Rosen
Changes in motor cortex activation after recovery from spinal cord inflammation
Multiple Sclerosis, December 1, 2001; 7(6): 364 - 370.
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 NeuroscientistHome page
P. Brown and J. F. Marsden
Book Review: Cortical Network Resonance and Motor Activity in Humans
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2001; 7(6): 518 - 526.
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 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
M. H. Schieber
Constraints on Somatotopic Organization in the Primary Motor Cortex
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2001; 86(5): 2125 - 2143.
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 BrainHome page
J. Rademacher, U. Burgel, S. Geyer, T. Schormann, A. Schleicher, H.-J. Freund, and K. Zilles
Variability and asymmetry in the human precentral motor system: A cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic brain mapping study
Brain, November 1, 2001; 124(11): 2232 - 2258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 Physiol. Rev.Home page
S. C. Gandevia
Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2001; 81(4): 1725 - 1789.
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 Cereb CortexHome page
K. J. Huffman and L. Krubitzer
Area 3a: Topographic Organization and Cortical Connections in Marmoset Monkeys
Cereb Cortex, September 1, 2001; 11(9): 849 - 867.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
H. H. Ehrsson, A. Fagergren, and H. Forssberg
Differential Fronto-Parietal Activation Depending on Force Used in a Precision Grip Task: An fMRI Study
J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2001; 85(6): 2613 - 2623.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurosci.Home page
M. C. Park, A. Belhaj-Saif, M. Gordon, and P. D. Cheney
Consistent Features in the Forelimb Representation of Primary Motor Cortex in Rhesus Macaques
J. Neurosci., April 15, 2001; 21(8): 2784 - 2792.
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 Cereb CortexHome page
P. Hlustik, A. Solodkin, R. P. Gullapalli, D. C. Noll, and S. L. Small
Somatotopy in Human Primary Motor and Somatosensory Hand Representations Revisited
Cereb Cortex, April 1, 2001; 11(4): 312 - 321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
X. Ma and N. Suga
Plasticity of Bat's Central Auditory System Evoked by Focal Electric Stimulation of Auditory and/or Somatosensory Cortices
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2001; 85(3): 1078 - 1087.
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 Neurorehabil Neural RepairHome page
M. L. Harris-Love, L. W. Forrester, R. F. Macko, K. H. C. Silver, and G. V. Smith
Hemiparetic Gait Parameters in Overground Versus Treadmill Walking
Neurorehabil Neural Repair, March 1, 2001; 15(2): 105 - 112.
[Abstract] [PDF]

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 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
S. Chakrabarty and J. H. Martin
Postnatal Development of the Motor Representation in Primary Motor Cortex
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 2582 - 2594.
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 NeuroscientistHome page
M. H. Schieber
New Views of the Primary Motor Cortex
Neuroscientist, October 1, 2000; 6(5): 380 - 389.
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 StrokeHome page
J. Whitall, S. M. Waller, K. H. C. Silver, and R. F. Macko
Repetitive Bilateral Arm Training With Rhythmic Auditory Cueing Improves Motor Function in Chronic Hemiparetic Stroke
Stroke, October 1, 2000; 31(10): 2390 - 2395.
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 J. Neurophysiol.Home page
Y. Zhang and N. Suga
Modulation of Responses and Frequency Tuning of Thalamic and Collicular Neurons by Cortical Activation in Mustached Bats
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2000; 84(1): 325 - 333.
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