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Volume 16, Number 23,
Issue of December 1, 1996
pp. 7416-7427
Copyright ©1996 Society for Neuroscience
Differential Reinforcing Effects of Cocaine and GBR-12909:
Biochemical Evidence for Divergent Neuroadaptive Changes in the
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic System
Received July 18, 1996; revised Sept. 9, 1996; accepted Sept. 12, 1996.
Srihari R. Tella1, 2,
Bruce Ladenheim3,
Anne M. Andrews4,
Steven R. Goldberg1, 2, and
Jean Lud Cadet3
1 Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University
School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, 2 Behavioral
Pharmacology and Genetics Section and 3 Molecular
Neuropsychiatry Section, National Institutes of Health/National
Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Intramural Research, Baltimore,
Maryland 21224, and 4 Laboratory of Clinical Science,
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
The dopamine (DA) transporter is thought to be the primary
mediator of reinforcing effects of cocaine. In the present study, an
intravenous drug self-administration procedure, in vitro
autoradiography, and HPLC methods were used to investigate possible
differences in reinforcing and neuroadaptive responses to cocaine
versus GBR-12909, a selective inhibitor of the DA transporter with a
postulated therapeutic use in cocaine abuse. Drug-naive rats readily
acquired and subsequently maintained cocaine self-administration
behavior during 2 hr daily sessions over a prolonged period. In
contrast, although GBR-12909 was initially self-administered, both
cocaine-naive and cocaine-trained rats failed to maintain
self-administration behavior for GBR-12909 over prolonged periods of
time. After self-administration responding decreased with GBR-12909,
rats showed a delay of 6.6 ± 1.3 sessions in reacquiring
consistent cocaine self-administration. Moreover, when GBR-12909 was
again substituted for cocaine, they failed to self-administer
GBR-12909, even during the initial days of testing. In contrast, after
extinction of self-administration responding by water substitution,
rats readily self-administered both cocaine and GBR-12909. Cocaine
self-administration upregulated DA transporters, whereas
water-substituted cocaine withdrawal upregulated both DA transporters
and D1 receptors. Unlike cocaine, GBR-12909 self-administration by
itself altered neither DA transporters nor D1 or D2 receptors.
Nevertheless, substitution of GBR-12909 for cocaine reversed the
cocaine-induced upregulation of DA transporters and reduced DA and
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid levels in the mesolimbic system. These data
suggest that cocaine and GBR-12909 differentially affect dopaminergic
systems and also cause different reinforcing and neuroadaptive effects.
GBR-12909-like compounds may be useful pharmacotherapeutic agents for
cocaine addiction. Upregulation of DA transporters and D1 receptors
might play important roles in the neuroadaptive cascade that leads to
cocaine addiction and withdrawal.
Key words:
cocaine;
GBR-12909;
self-administration;
reinforcing effects;
neuroadaptation;
dopamine receptors;
dopamine
transporters;
dopamine;
drug addiction;
drug withdrawal
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