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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 16, 1430-1439, Copyright © 1996 by Society for Neuroscience
Development of the pattern of photoreceptors in the chick retina
SL Bruhn and CL Cepko
Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
The various classes of photoreceptor cells found in vertebrate retinae are
organized in specific patterns, which are important for visual function. It
is not known how these patterns are achieved during development. The chick
retina provides an excellent model system in which to investigate this
issue, containing cone opsins red, green, blue, and violet, as well as the
rod-specific opsin rhodopsin. In this study, whole-mount in situ
hybridization has revealed striking differences among opsins in both
spatial and temporal aspects of expression. The long-wavelength cone
opsins, red and green, were first detected in a small spot within the area
centralis at embryonic day 14 (E14). In contrast, the short-wavelength cone
opsins, blue and violet, were not detected until 2 d later and showed
domains of expression both within the area centralis and in temporal
retina. The first rhodopsin transcripts were seen at E15 in inferior
retina. When opsin expression was first detected, there were differences in
the localization of RNA within the inner segment of cone photoreceptors,
suggesting that morphological differentiation preceded the expression of
photopigment molecules. Marked differences in the distribution of rods and
cones were also found. Within the area centralis, a circular rod-free zone
bisected by a narrow rod-sparse region along the nasal-temporal axis was
evident as soon as rhodopsin RNA could be detected. Such specialized
regions appear to be set aside soon after photoreceptor cells become
postmitotic, as evidenced by a spatially restricted pattern of visinin RNA
observed at E7. The onset of particular opsins in restricted regions of the
retina suggest an underlying pattern related to visual function in the
chick.
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