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Journal of Neuroscience, Vol 16, 1791-1807, Copyright © 1996 by Society for Neuroscience
An adult-like pattern of ocular dominance columns in striate cortex of newborn monkeys prior to visual experience
JC Horton and DR Hocking
Beckman Vision Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143- 0730, USA.
In macaque monkeys, the geniculocortical afferents serving each eye
segregate in layer IVc of striate cortex during early life into a pattern
of alternating inputs called ocular dominance columns. It has been disputed
whether visual experience is necessary for the formation of ocular
dominance columns. To settle this issue, fetal monkeys were delivered
prematurely by Caesarean section at embryonic day 157 (E157), 8 d before
the end of normal gestation. To avoid light exposure, the Caesarean section
and all subsequent feedings and procedures were done in absolute darkness,
using infrared night-vision goggles. Tritiated proline was injected into
the right eye 1 d after delivery (E158). One week later at postnatal age 0
(P0), the equivalent of a full-term pregnancy (E165/P0), alternate sections
of unfolded and flattened visual cortex were prepared for autoradiography
or cytochrome oxidase (CO). All three newborns studied at E165/P0 had well
segregated ocular dominance columns organized into the characteristic
mosaic present in adults. In the upper layers, a mature pattern of CO
patches (also known as blobs or puffs) was visible, aligned with the ocular
dominance columns in layer IVc. Every other row of patches in layers II,
III was labeled by [3H]proline. In V2, a distinct system of alternating
thick- pale-thin-pale CO stripes was present. These findings indicate that
stimulation of the retina by light is not necessary for the development of
columnar systems in the visual cortex. Ocular dominance columns, patches,
and V2 stripes all are well formed before visual experience. Even the
thalamic input to the patches in the upper layers of striate cortex is
segregated by eye in newborns.
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