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Previous Article | Next Article
Volume 17, Number 1, Issue of January 1, 1997 pp. 391-400
Copyright ©1997 Society for NeuroscienceAge-Related Differences in Neural Activity during Memory Encoding and Retrieval: A Positron Emission Tomography Study
Received July 31, 1996; revised Oct. 2, 1996; accepted Oct. 3, 1996.
Roberto Cabeza1, Cheryl L. Grady1, Lars Nyberg2, Anthony R. McIntosh1, Endel Tulving1, Shitij Kapur1, 3, Janine M. Jennings1, Sylvain Houle3, and Fergus I. M. Craik1 1 Rotman Research Institute of Baycrest Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1, 2 Department of Psychology, University of Umeå, S-90187 Umeå, Sweden, and 3 PET Centre, Clarke Institute of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M6A 2E1
Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to compare regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in young (mean 26 years) and old (mean 70 years) subjects while they were encoding, recognizing, and recalling word pairs. A multivariate partial-least-squares (PLS) analysis of the data was used to identify age-related neural changes associated with (1) encoding versus retrieval and (2) recognition versus recall. Young subjects showed higher activation than old subjects (1) in left prefrontal and occipito-temporal regions during encoding and (2) in right prefrontal and parietal regions during retrieval. Old subjects showed relatively higher activation than young subjects in several regions, including insular regions during encoding, cuneus/precuneus regions during recognition, and left prefrontal regions during recall. Frontal activity in young subjects was left-lateralized during encoding and right-lateralized during recall [hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry (HERA)], whereas old adults showed little frontal activity during encoding and a more bilateral pattern of frontal activation during retrieval. In young subjects, activation in recall was higher than that in recognition in cerebellar and cingulate regions, whereas recognition showed higher activity in right temporal and parietal regions. In old subjects, the differences in blood flow between recall and recognition were smaller in these regions, yet more pronounced in other regions. Taken together, the results indicate that advanced age is associated with neural changes in the brain systems underlying encoding, recognition, and recall. These changes take two forms: (1) age-related decreases in local regional activity, which may signal less efficient processing by the old, and (2) age-related increases in activity, which may signal functional compensation.
Key words: positron emission tomography; cerebral blood flow; aging; memory; encoding; retrieval; recognition; recall; frontal lobes; functional reorganization; functional compensation
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