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Volume 17, Number 10, Issue of May 15, 1997 pp. 3503-3514
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience

Downregulation of Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Currents and Upregulation of a Rapidly Repriming Tetrodotoxin-Sensitive Sodium Current in Small Spinal Sensory Neurons after Nerve Injury

Received Dec. 11, 1996; revised March 3, 1997; accepted March 5, 1997.

Theodore R. Cummins and Stephen G. Waxman

Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, and Neuroscience Research Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut 06516

Clinical and experimental studies have shown that spinal sensory neurons become hyperexcitable after axonal injury, and electrophysiological changes have suggested that this may be attributable to changes in sodium current expression. We have demonstrated previously that sodium channel alpha -III mRNA levels are elevated and sodium channel alpha -SNS mRNA levels are reduced in rat spinal sensory neurons after axotomy. In this study we show that small (C-type) rat spinal sensory neurons express sodium currents with dramatically different kinetics after axotomy produced by sciatic nerve ligation. Uninjured C-type neurons express both slowly inactivating tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium current and a fast-inactivating tetrodotoxin-sensitive (TTX-S) current that reprimes (recovers from inactivation) slowly. After axotomy, the TTX-R current density was greatly reduced. No difference was observed in the density of TTX-S currents after axotomy, and their voltage dependence was not different from controls. However, TTX-S currents in axotomized neurons reprimed four times faster than control TTX-S currents. These data indicate that axotomy of spinal neurons is followed by downregulation of TTX-R current and by the emergence of a rapidly repriming TTX-S current and suggest that this may be attributable to the upregulation of a sodium channel isoform that was unexpressed previously in these cells. These axotomy-induced changes in sodium currents are expected to alter excitability substantially and could underlie the molecular pathogenesis of some chronic pain syndromes associated with injury to the axons of spinal sensory neurons.

Key words: sodium channel; sodium current; chronic pain; axotomy; dorsal root ganglion; excitability




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[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
B. Everill and J. D. Kocsis
Reduction in Potassium Currents in Identified Cutaneous Afferent Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons After Axotomy
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 1999; 82(2): 700 - 708.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
F. Tennigkeit, D. W. F. Schwarz, and E. Puil
Effects of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activation in Auditory Thalamus
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 1999; 82(2): 718 - 729.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. G. Waxman, S. Dib-Hajj, T. R. Cummins, and J. A. Black
Sodium channels and pain
PNAS, July 6, 1999; 96(14): 7635 - 7639.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
F. Porreca, J. Lai, D. Bian, S. Wegert, M. H. Ossipov, R. M. Eglen, L. Kassotakis, S. Novakovic, D. K. Rabert, L. Sangameswaran, et al.
A comparison of the potential role of the tetrodotoxin-insensitive sodium channels, PN3/SNS and NaN/SNS2, in rat models of chronic pain
PNAS, July 6, 1999; 96(14): 7640 - 7644.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
P. G. Murphy, L. S. Borthwick, R. S. Johnston, G. Kuchel, and P. M. Richardson
Nature of the Retrograde Signal from Injured Nerves that Induces Interleukin-6 mRNA in Neurons
J. Neurosci., May 15, 1999; 19(10): 3791 - 3800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J. Fjell, T. R. Cummins, K. Fried, J. A. Black, and S. G. Waxman
In Vivo NGF Deprivation Reduces SNS Expression and TTX-R Sodium Currents in IB4-Negative DRG Neurons
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 1999; 81(2): 803 - 810.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
L Djouhri, L Bleazard, and S N Lawson
Association of somatic action potential shape with sensory receptive properties in guinea-pig dorsal root ganglion neurones
J. Physiol., December 15, 1998; 513(3): 857 - 872.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
T. R. Cummins, J. R. Howe, and S. G. Waxman
Slow Closed-State Inactivation: A Novel Mechanism Underlying Ramp Currents in Cells Expressing the hNE/PN1 Sodium Channel
J. Neurosci., December 1, 1998; 18(23): 9607 - 9619.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Michaelis, C. Vogel, K.-H. Blenk, A. Arnarson, and W. Janig
Inflammatory Mediators Sensitize Acutely Axotomized Nerve Fibers to Mechanical Stimulation in the Rat
J. Neurosci., September 15, 1998; 18(18): 7581 - 7587.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
A M Rush, M E Brau, A A Elliott, and J R Elliott
Electrophysiological properties of sodium current subtypes in small cells from adult rat dorsal root ganglia
J. Physiol., September 15, 1998; 511(3): 771 - 789.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
S. D. Dib-Hajj, L. Tyrrell, J. A. Black, and S. G. Waxman
NaN, a novel voltage-gated Na channel, is expressed preferentially in peripheral sensory neurons and down-regulated after axotomy
PNAS, July 21, 1998; 95(15): 8963 - 8968.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
S. D. Dib-Hajj, J. A. Black, T. R. Cummins, A. M. Kenney, J. D. Kocsis, and S. G. Waxman
Rescue of alpha -SNS Sodium Channel Expression in Small Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons After Axotomy by Nerve Growth Factor In Vivo
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 1998; 79(5): 2668 - 2676.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
S. N. Macfarlane and H. Sontheimer
Spinal Cord Astrocytes Display a Switch From TTX-Sensitive to TTX-Resistant Sodium Currents After Injury-Induced Gliosis In Vitro
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 1998; 79(4): 2222 - 2226.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
S. D. Novakovic, E. Tzoumaka, J. G. McGivern, M. Haraguchi, L. Sangameswaran, K. R. Gogas, R. M. Eglen, and J. C. Hunter
Distribution of the Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Channel PN3 in Rat Sensory Neurons in Normal and Neuropathic Conditions
J. Neurosci., March 15, 1998; 18(6): 2174 - 2187.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J.-M. Zhang, D. F. Donnelly, X.-J. Song, and R. H. Lamotte
Axotomy Increases the Excitability of Dorsal Root Ganglion Cells With Unmyelinated Axons
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 1997; 78(5): 2790 - 2794.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
T. R. Cummins, S. D. Dib-Hajj, J. A. Black, A. N. Akopian, J. N. Wood, and S. G. Waxman
A Novel Persistent Tetrodotoxin-Resistant Sodium Current In SNS-Null And Wild-Type Small Primary Sensory Neurons
J. Neurosci., December 15, 1999; 19(24): RC43 - RC43.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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