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Volume 17, Number 15, Issue of August 1, 1997 pp. 5858-5867
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience

Quantitative Ultrastructural Analysis of Hippocampal Excitatory Synapses

Received March 25, 1997; revised May 5, 1997; accepted May 19, 1997.

Thomas Schikorski and Charles F. Stevens

Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037

From three-dimensional reconstructions of CA1 excitatory synapses in the rodent hippocampus and in culture, we have estimated statistical distributions of active zone and postsynaptic density (PSD) sizes (average area ~0.04 µm2), the number of active zones per bouton (usually one), the number of docked vesicles per active zone (~10), and the total number of vesicles per bouton (~200), and we have determined relationships between these quantities, all of which vary from synapse to synapse but are highly correlated. These measurements have been related to synaptic physiology. In particular, we propose that the distribution of active zone areas can account for the distribution of synaptic release probabilities and that each active zone constitutes a release site as identified in the standard quantal theory attributable to .

Key words: synaptic vesicle; active zone; release; statistical distribution; hippocampus; release probability




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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
M. Pennuto, D. Dunlap, A. Contestabile, F. Benfenati, and F. Valtorta
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Detection of Synaptophysin I and Vesicle-associated Membrane Protein 2 Interactions during Exocytosis from Single Live Synapses
Mol. Biol. Cell, August 1, 2002; 13(8): 2706 - 2717.
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J. Physiol.Home page
J. Waters and S. J Smith
Vesicle pool partitioning influences presynaptic diversity and weighting in rat hippocampal synapses
J. Physiol., June 15, 2002; 541(3): 811 - 823.
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J. Physiol.Home page
D. H Brager, M. Capogna, and S. M Thompson
Short-term synaptic plasticity, simulation of nerve terminal dynamics, and the effects of protein kinase C activation in rat hippocampus
J. Physiol., June 1, 2002; 541(2): 545 - 559.
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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
G. M. G. Shepherd, M. Raastad, and P. Andersen
General and variable features of varicosity spacing along unmyelinated axons in the hippocampus and cerebellum
PNAS, April 30, 2002; 99(9): 6340 - 6345.
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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
F.-M. Lu and K. Kuba
Synchronous and Asynchronous Exocytosis Induced by Subthreshold High K+ at Cs+-Loaded Terminals of Rat Hippocampal Neurons
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1222 - 1233.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
Y. Sara, M. G. Mozhayeva, X. Liu, and E. T. Kavalali
Fast Vesicle Recycling Supports Neurotransmission during Sustained Stimulation at Hippocampal Synapses
J. Neurosci., March 1, 2002; 22(5): 1608 - 1617.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. G. Mozhayeva, Y. Sara, X. Liu, and E. T. Kavalali
Development of Vesicle Pools during Maturation of Hippocampal Synapses
J. Neurosci., February 1, 2002; 22(3): 654 - 665.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
V. Scheuss, R. Schneggenburger, and E. Neher
Separation of Presynaptic and Postsynaptic Contributions to Depression by Covariance Analysis of Successive EPSCs at the Calyx of Held Synapse
J. Neurosci., February 1, 2002; 22(3): 728 - 739.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
F. W. Hopf, J. Waters, S. Mehta, and S. J. Smith
Stability and Plasticity of Developing Synapses in Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures
J. Neurosci., February 1, 2002; 22(3): 775 - 781.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
J. S. Diamond
Neuronal Glutamate Transporters Limit Activation of NMDA Receptors by Neurotransmitter Spillover on CA1 Pyramidal Cells
J. Neurosci., November 1, 2001; 21(21): 8328 - 8338.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
A. C. Meyer, E. Neher, and R. Schneggenburger
Estimation of Quantal Size and Number of Functional Active Zones at the Calyx of Held Synapse by Nonstationary EPSC Variance Analysis
J. Neurosci., October 15, 2001; 21(20): 7889 - 7900.
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Mol. Biol. CellHome page
A.G. M. Leenders, F. H. L. da Silva, W. E.J.M. Ghijsen, and M. Verhage
Rab3A Is Involved in Transport of Synaptic Vesicles to the Active Zone in Mouse Brain Nerve Terminals
Mol. Biol. Cell, October 1, 2001; 12(10): 3095 - 3102.
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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. A. Xu-Friedman, K. M. Harris, and W. G. Regehr
Three-Dimensional Comparison of Ultrastructural Characteristics at Depressing and Facilitating Synapses onto Cerebellar Purkinje Cells
J. Neurosci., September 1, 2001; 21(17): 6666 - 6672.
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Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol.Home page
J. Pamidimukkala and M. Hay
Frequency dependence of endocytosis in aortic baroreceptor neurons and role of group III mGluRs
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2001; 281(1): H387 - H395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
W. J. Tyler and L. D. Pozzo-Miller
BDNF Enhances Quantal Neurotransmitter Release and Increases the Number of Docked Vesicles at the Active Zones of Hippocampal Excitatory Synapses
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2001; 21(12): 4249 - 4258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
J. R. Mellor and A. D. Randall
Synaptically Released Neurotransmitter Fails to Desensitize Postsynaptic GABAA Receptors in Cerebellar Cultures
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2001; 85(5): 1847 - 1857.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
E. Hanse and B. Gustafsson
Vesicle release probability and pre-primed pool at glutamatergic synapses in area CA1 of the rat neonatal hippocampus
J. Physiol., March 1, 2001; 531(2): 481 - 493.
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ScienceHome page
E. M. Ullian, S. K. Sapperstein, K. S. Christopherson, and B. A. Barres
Control of Synapse Number by Glia
Science, January 26, 2001; 291(5504): 657 - 661.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
K. C. Rowland, N. K. Irby, and G. A. Spirou
Specialized Synapse-Associated Structures within the Calyx of Held
J. Neurosci., December 15, 2000; 20(24): 9135 - 9144.
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NeuroscientistHome page
M. E. Kriebel, B. Keller, J. Holsapple, G. Q. Fox, and G. D. Pappas
Porocytosis: Fusion Pore Array Secretion of Neurotransmitter
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2000; 6(6): 422 - 427.
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Cereb CortexHome page
V. Matveev and X.-J. Wang
Differential Short-term Synaptic Plasticity and Transmission of Complex Spike Trains: to Depress or to Facilitate?
Cereb Cortex, November 1, 2000; 10(11): 1143 - 1153.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
J. Waters and S. J Smith
Phorbol Esters Potentiate Evoked and Spontaneous Release by Different Presynaptic Mechanisms
J. Neurosci., November 1, 2000; 20(21): 7863 - 7870.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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