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Volume 17, Number 16,
Issue of August 15, 1997
pp. 6189-6202
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience
Calcium Controls Gene Expression via Three Distinct Pathways That
Can Function Independently of the Ras/Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
(ERKs) Signaling Cascade
Received April 17, 1997; accepted May 28, 1997.
Claire M. Johnson1,
Caroline S. Hill2,
Sangeeta Chawla1,
Richard Treisman2, and
Hilmar Bading1
1 Division of Neurobiology, Medical Research Council
Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 2QH, England, and
2 Transcription Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund
Laboratories, London WC2A 3PX, England
Calcium ions are the principal second messenger in the control of
gene expression by electrical activation of neurons. However, the full
complexity of calcium-signaling pathways leading to transcriptional activation and the cellular machinery involved are not known. Using the
c-fos gene as a model system, we show here that the activity of its complex promoter is controlled by three independently operating signaling mechanisms and that their functional significance is cell type-dependent. The serum response element (SRE), which is
composed of a ternary complex factor (TCF) and a serum response factor
(SRF) binding site, integrates two calcium-signaling pathways. In PC12
cells, calcium-regulated transcription mediated by the SRE requires the
TCF site and is not inhibited by expression of the dominant-negative
Ras mutant, RasN17, nor by the MAP kinase kinase 1 inhibitor PD 98059. In contrast, TCF-dependent transcriptional regulation by nerve growth
factor or epidermal growth factor is mediated by a Ras/MAP kinases
(ERKs) pathway targeting the TCF Elk-1. In AtT20 cells and hippocampal
neurons, calcium signals can stimulate transcription via a
TCF-independent mechanism that requires the SRF binding site. The
cyclic AMP response element (CRE), which cooperates with the TCF site
in growth factor-regulated transcription, is a target of a third
calcium-regulated pathway that is little affected by the expression of
RasN17 or by PD 98059. Thus, calcium can stimulate gene expression via
a TCF-, SRF-, and CRE-linked pathway that can operate independently of
the Ras/MAP kinases (ERKs) signaling cascade in a cell type-dependent
manner.
Key words:
gene regulation;
c-fos;
calcium signaling;
cyclic AMP response element;
serum response element;
ternary complex
factor
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