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Volume 17, Number 2,
Issue of January 15, 1997
pp. 646-658
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience
A Transcription-Dependent Switch Controls Competence of Adult
Neurons for Distinct Modes of Axon Growth
Received Aug. 6, 1996; revised Sept. 23, 1996; accepted Oct. 22, 1996.
Deanna S. Smith1, 2 and
J. H. Pate Skene1
Departments of 1 Neurobiology and
2 Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North
Carolina 27710
Although maturing neurons undergo a precipitous decline in the
expression of genes associated with developmental axon growth, structural changes in axon arbors occur in the adult nervous system under both normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, some neurons support extensive regrowth of long axons after nerve injury. Analysis of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in culture now
shows that competence for distinct types of axon growth depends on
different patterns of gene expression. In the absence of ongoing transcription, newly isolated neurons can extend compact, highly branched arbors during the first day in culture. Neurons subjected to
peripheral axon injury 2-7 d before plating support a distinct mode of
growth characterized by rapid extension of long, sparsely branched
axons. A transition from "arborizing" to "elongating" growth
occurs in naive adult neurons after ~24 hr in culture but requires a
discrete period of new transcription after removal of the ganglia from
the intact animal. Thus, peripheral axotomy by nerve crush or during
removal of DRGsinduces a transcription-dependent change that alters
the type of axon growth that can be executed by these adult neurons.
This transition appears to be triggered, in large part, by interruption
of retrogradely transported signals, because blocking axonal transport
in vivo can elicit competence for elongating growth in
many DRG neurons. In contrast to peripheral axotomy, interruption of
the centrally projecting axons of DRG neurons in vivo
leads to subsequent growth in vitro that is intermediate between "arborizing" and "elongating" growth. This suggests
that the transition between these two modes of growth is a multistep process and that individual steps may be regulated separately. These
observations together suggest that structural remodeling in the adult
nervous system need not involve the same molecular apparatus as long
axon growth during development and regeneration.
Key words:
axon regeneration;
sprouting;
adult plasticity;
growth
cone;
GAPs;
axotomy
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