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Volume 17, Number 21,
Issue of November 1, 1997
pp. 8083-8092
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience
Parapinopsin, a Novel Catfish Opsin Localized to the Parapineal
Organ, Defines a New Gene Family
Received June 4, 1997; accepted Aug. 8, 1997.
Seth Blackshaw and
Solomon H. Snyder
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of
Neuroscience, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Psychiatry,
Baltimore, Maryland 21205
Multiple sites of extraretinal photoreception are present in
vertebrates, but the molecular basis of extraretinal phototransduction is poorly understood. This study reports the cloning of the first opsin
specifically expressed in the directly photosensitive pineal and
parapineal of cold-blooded vertebrates. This opsin, identified in
channel catfish and termed parapinopsin, defines a new gene family of
vertebrate photopigments and is expressed in a majority of
parapinealocytes and a subset of pineal photoreceptor cells. Parapinopsin shows a caudal-rostral gradient of expression within the
pineal organ. This study also reports the cloning of partial cDNAs
encoding the channel catfish orthologues of rhodopsin and the red cone
pigment the full complement of retinal opsins in the species.
In situ hybridization studies using probes derived from
these retinal opsins, together with parapinopsin, reveal no expression
of retinal opsins in pineal and parapineal organ and no expression of
any opsin tested in the "deep brain," iris, or dermal melanophores.
These data imply that phototransduction in these sites of extraretinal
photoreception must be mediated by novel opsins.
Key words:
pineal;
parapineal;
parapinopsin;
opsin;
deep brain;
iris;
skin;
taste bud;
extraretinal;
in situ
hybridization
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