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Previous Article | Next Article
Volume 17, Number 23, Issue of December 1, 1997 pp. 9285-9297
Dissociable Forms of Inhibitory Control within Prefrontal Cortex with an Analog of the Wisconsin Card Sort Test: Restriction to Novel Situations and Independence from "On-Line" Processing
Received June 16, 1997; revised Aug. 25, 1997; accepted Sept. 11, 1997.
R. Dias1, T. W. Robbins1, and A. C. Roberts2 1 Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, United Kingdom, and 2 Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, United Kingdom
Attentional set-shifting and discrimination reversal are sensitive to prefrontal damage in the marmoset in a manner qualitatively similar to that seen in man and Old World monkeys, respectively (). Preliminary findings have demonstrated that although lateral but not orbital prefrontal cortex is the critical locus in shifting an attentional set between perceptual dimensions, orbital but not lateral prefrontal cortex is the critical locus in reversing a stimulus-reward association within a particular perceptual dimension (). The present study presents this analysis in full and extends the results in three main ways by demonstrating that (1) mechanisms of inhibitory control and "on-line" processing are independent within the prefrontal cortex, (2) impairments in inhibitory control induced by prefrontal damage are restricted to novel situations, and (3) those prefrontal areas involved in the suppression of previously established response sets are not involved in the acquisition of such response sets.
These findings suggest that inhibitory control is a general process that operates across functionally distinct regions within the prefrontal cortex. Although damage to lateral prefrontal cortex causes a loss of inhibitory control in attentional selection, damage to orbitofrontal cortex causes a loss of inhibitory control in affective processing. These findings provide an explanation for the apparent discrepancy between human and nonhuman primate studies in which disinhibition as measured on the Wisconsin Card Sort Test is associated with dorsolateral prefrontal damage, whereas disinhibition as measured on discrimination reversal is associated with orbitofrontal damage.
Key words: attentional set-shifting; reversal learning; prefrontal cortex; response inhibition; Wisconsin Card Sort Test; working memory
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