 |
Next Article 
Volume 17, Number 8,
Issue of April 15, 1997
pp. 2653-2657
Copyright ©1997 Society for Neuroscience
Widespread Peroxynitrite-Mediated Damage in Alzheimer's
Disease
Received Aug. 26, 1996; accepted Jan. 22, 1997.
Mark A. Smith1,
Peggy
L. Richey Harris1,
Lawrence M. Sayre2,
Joseph S. Beckman3, and
George Perry1
1 Institute of Pathology and 2 Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, and 3 Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine,
University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35233
Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative damage to proteins and
other macromolecules is a salient feature of the pathology of
Alzheimer's disease. Establishing the source of oxidants is key to
understanding what role they play in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's
disease, and one way to examine this issue is to determine which
oxidants are involved in damage.
In this study, we examine whether peroxynitrite, a powerful oxidant
produced from the reaction of superoxide with nitric oxide, is involved
in Alzheimer's disease. Peroxynitrite is a source of hydroxyl
radical-like reactivity, and it directly oxidizes proteins and other
macromolecules with resultant carbonyl formation from side-chain and
peptide-bond cleavage. Although carbonyl formation is a major oxidative
modification induced by peroxynitrite, nitration of tyrosine residues
is an indicator of peroxynitrite involvement. In brain tissue from
cases of Alzheimer's disease, we found increased protein nitration in
neurons, including but certainly not restricted to those containing
neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conversely, nitrotyrosine was
undetectable in the cerebral cortex of age-matched control brains. This
distribution is essentially identical to that of free carbonyls.
These findings provide strong evidence that peroxynitrite is involved
in oxidative damage of Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, the widespread
occurrence of nitrotyrosine in neurons suggests that oxidative damage
is not restricted to long-lived polymers such as NFTs, but instead
reflects a generalized oxidative stress that is important in disease
pathogenesis.
Key words:
Alzheimer's disease;
carbonyls;
glycation;
nitrotyrosine;
oxidative stress;
protein modification
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
|
|
 
T. Alkam, A. Nitta, H. Mizoguchi, A. Itoh, R. Murai, T. Nagai, K. Yamada, and T. Nabeshima
The Extensive Nitration of Neurofilament Light Chain in the Hippocampus Is Associated with the Cognitive Impairment Induced by Amyloid {beta} in Mice
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,
October 1, 2008;
327(1):
137 - 147.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. S. El-Amouri, H. Zhu, J. Yu, R. Marr, I. M. Verma, and M. S. Kindy
Neprilysin: An Enzyme Candidate to Slow the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease
Am. J. Pathol.,
May 1, 2008;
172(5):
1342 - 1354.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-Y. Lin, A. Mannikarottu, P. Chichester, A. Guven, A. Johnson, P. Neuman, Y.-S. Juan, C. Schuler, B. Kogan, and R. M. Levin
Changes in the Smooth Muscle of the Corpora Cavernosum Related to Reversal of Partial Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Rabbits
J Androl,
March 1, 2008;
29(2):
164 - 171.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Pinthong, S. A. G. Black, F. M. Ribeiro, C. Pholpramool, S. S. G. Ferguson, and R. J. Rylett
Activity and Subcellular Trafficking of the Sodium-Coupled Choline Transporter CHT Is Regulated Acutely by Peroxynitrite
Mol. Pharmacol.,
March 1, 2008;
73(3):
801 - 812.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W.-Y. Lin, R. M. Levin, P. Chichester, R. Leggett, Y.-S. Juan, A. Johnson, P. Neumann, C. Whitbeck, A. Guven, B. Kogan, et al.
Effects of L-arginine and L-NAME on chronic partial bladder outlet obstruction in rabbit
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
December 1, 2007;
293(6):
R2390 - R2399.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Nakajima, W. Amano, A. Fujita, A. Fukuhara, Y.-T. Azuma, F. Hata, T. Inui, and T. Takeuchi
The Active Site Cysteine of the Proapoptotic Protein Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase Is Essential in Oxidative Stress-induced Aggregation and Cell Death
J. Biol. Chem.,
September 7, 2007;
282(36):
26562 - 26574.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. S. Osorio, A. Carvalho, A. J. Almeida, S. Padilla-Lopez, C. Leao, J. Laranjinha, P. Ludovico, D. A. Pearce, and F. Rodrigues
Nitric Oxide Signaling Is Disrupted in the Yeast Model for Batten Disease
Mol. Biol. Cell,
July 1, 2007;
18(7):
2755 - 2767.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Medeiros, R. D. S. Prediger, G. F. Passos, P. Pandolfo, F. S. Duarte, J. L. Franco, A. L. Dafre, G. Di Giunta, C. P. Figueiredo, R. N. Takahashi, et al.
Connecting TNF-{alpha} Signaling Pathways to iNOS Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Relevance for the Behavioral and Synaptic Deficits Induced by Amyloid {beta} Protein
J. Neurosci.,
May 16, 2007;
27(20):
5394 - 5404.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Pacher, J. S. Beckman, and L. Liaudet
Nitric Oxide and Peroxynitrite in Health and Disease
Physiol Rev,
January 1, 2007;
87(1):
315 - 424.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. S Parihar and G. J. Brewer
Mitoenergetic failure in Alzheimer disease
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol,
January 1, 2007;
292(1):
C8 - C23.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Reynolds, J. F. Reyes, Y. Fu, E. H. Bigio, A. L. Guillozet-Bongaarts, R. W. Berry, and L. I. Binder
Tau nitration occurs at tyrosine 29 in the fibrillar lesions of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.
J. Neurosci.,
October 18, 2006;
26(42):
10636 - 10645.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. A. Colton, M. P. Vitek, D. A. Wink, Q. Xu, V. Cantillana, M. L. Previti, W. E. Van Nostrand, J. B. Weinberg, and H. Dawson
NO synthase 2 (NOS2) deletion promotes multiple pathologies in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease
PNAS,
August 22, 2006;
103(34):
12867 - 12872.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Wilkinson, J. Koenigsknecht-Talboo, C. Grommes, C. Y. D. Lee, and G. Landreth
Fibrillar beta-Amyloid-stimulated Intracellular Signaling Cascades Require Vav for Induction of Respiratory Burst and Phagocytosis in Monocytes and Microglia
J. Biol. Chem.,
July 28, 2006;
281(30):
20842 - 20850.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y.-J. Zhang, Y.-F. Xu, Y.-H. Liu, J. Yin, H.-L. Li, Q. Wang, and J.-Z. Wang
Peroxynitrite induces Alzheimer-like tau modifications and accumulation in rat brain and its underlying mechanisms
FASEB J,
July 1, 2006;
20(9):
1431 - 1442.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Anantharaman, J. Tangpong, J. N. Keller, M. P. Murphy, W. R. Markesbery, K. K. Kiningham, and D. K. St. Clair
{beta}-Amyloid Mediated Nitration of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase: Implication for Oxidative Stress in a APPNLh/NLh X PS-1P264L/P264L Double Knock-In Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Am. J. Pathol.,
May 1, 2006;
168(5):
1608 - 1618.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Heneka, M. Ramanathan, A. H. Jacobs, L. Dumitrescu-Ozimek, A. Bilkei-Gorzo, T. Debeir, M. Sastre, N. Galldiks, A. Zimmer, M. Hoehn, et al.
Locus Ceruleus Degeneration Promotes Alzheimer Pathogenesis in Amyloid Precursor Protein 23 Transgenic Mice
J. Neurosci.,
February 1, 2006;
26(5):
1343 - 1354.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Conners, C. Whitebeck, P. Chicester, R. Legget, A. D.-Y. Lin, A. Johnson, B. Kogan, R. Levin, and A. Mannikarottu
L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, diminishes oxidative damage in urinary bladder partial outlet obstruction
Am J Physiol Renal Physiol,
February 1, 2006;
290(2):
F357 - F363.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. I. Moreira, K. Honda, X. Zhu, A. Nunomura, G. Casadesus, M. A. Smith, and G. Perry
Brain and brawn: Parallels in oxidative strength
Neurology,
January 24, 2006;
66(1_suppl_1):
S97 - S101.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Nathan, N. Calingasan, J. Nezezon, A. Ding, M. S. Lucia, K. La Perle, M. Fuortes, M. Lin, S. Ehrt, N. S. Kwon, et al.
Protection from Alzheimer's-like disease in the mouse by genetic ablation of inducible nitric oxide synthase
J. Exp. Med.,
November 7, 2005;
202(9):
1163 - 1169.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. Smith, D. D. Norton, M. Gorospe, H. Jiang, S. Nemoto, N. J. Holbrook, T. Finkel, and J. W. Kusiak
Phosphorylation of p66Shc and forkhead proteins mediates A{beta} toxicity
J. Cell Biol.,
April 25, 2005;
169(2):
331 - 339.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Cappai, F. Cheng, G. D. Ciccotosto, B. E. Needham, C. L. Masters, G. Multhaup, L.-A. Fransson, and K. Mani
The Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) of Alzheimer Disease and Its Paralog, APLP2, Modulate the Cu/Zn-Nitric Oxide-catalyzed Degradation of Glypican-1 Heparan Sulfate in Vivo
J. Biol. Chem.,
April 8, 2005;
280(14):
13913 - 13920.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. M. Floden, S. Li, and C. K. Combs
{beta}-Amyloid-Stimulated Microglia Induce Neuron Death via Synergistic Stimulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor {alpha} and NMDA Receptors
J. Neurosci.,
March 9, 2005;
25(10):
2566 - 2575.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-J. Luth, V. Ogunlade, B. Kuhla, R. Kientsch-Engel, P. Stahl, J. Webster, T. Arendt, and G. Munch
Age- and Stage-dependent Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products in Intracellular Deposits in Normal and Alzheimer's Disease Brains
Cereb Cortex,
February 1, 2005;
15(2):
211 - 220.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Keil, A. Bonert, C. A. Marques, I. Scherping, J. Weyermann, J. B. Strosznajder, F. Muller-Spahn, C. Haass, C. Czech, L. Pradier, et al.
Amyloid {beta}-induced Changes in Nitric Oxide Production and Mitochondrial Activity Lead to Apoptosis
J. Biol. Chem.,
November 26, 2004;
279(48):
50310 - 50320.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. M. Landino, T. E. Skreslet, and J. A. Alston
Cysteine Oxidation of Tau and Microtubule-associated Protein-2 by Peroxynitrite: MODULATION OF MICROTUBULE ASSEMBLY KINETICS BY THE THIOREDOXIN REDUCTASE SYSTEM
J. Biol. Chem.,
August 13, 2004;
279(33):
35101 - 35105.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Wang, M. J. Rowan, and R. Anwyl
{beta}-Amyloid-Mediated Inhibition of NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation Induction Involves Activation of Microglia and Stimulation of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Superoxide
J. Neurosci.,
July 7, 2004;
24(27):
6049 - 6056.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Maruyama, T. Ohuchi, K. Yoshida, Y. Shibata, F. Sugawara, and T. Arai
Protective Properties of Neoechinulin A against SIN-1-Induced Neuronal Cell Death
J. Biochem.,
July 1, 2004;
136(1):
81 - 87.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. F. Poon, V. Calabrese, G. Scapagnini, and D. A. Butterfield
Free Radicals: Key to Brain Aging and Heme Oxygenase as a Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress
J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.,
May 1, 2004;
59(5):
M478 - M493.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Pratico, V. Zhukareva, Y. Yao, K. Uryu, C. D. Funk, J. A. Lawson, J. Q. Trojanowski, and V. M.-Y. Lee
12/15-Lipoxygenase Is Increased in Alzheimer's Disease: Possible Involvement in Brain Oxidative Stress
Am. J. Pathol.,
May 1, 2004;
164(5):
1655 - 1662.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M.E. Arantes, H. H.F. Marche, M. T. Bahia, F. Q. Cunha, M. A. Rossi, and J. S. Silva
Interferon-{gamma}-Induced Nitric Oxide Causes Intrinsic Intestinal Denervation in Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Mice
Am. J. Pathol.,
April 1, 2004;
164(4):
1361 - 1368.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. L. Elfering, V. L. Haynes, N. J. Traaseth, A. Ettl, and C. Giulivi
Aspects, mechanism, and biological relevance of mitochondrial protein nitration sustained by mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
January 1, 2004;
286(1):
H22 - H29.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. H. Neufeld and B. Liu
Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy: When Glia Misbehave
Neuroscientist,
December 1, 2003;
9(6):
485 - 495.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Guo, T. Adachi, R. Matsui, S. Xu, B. Jiang, M.-H. Zou, M. Kirber, W. Lieberthal, and R. A. Cohen
Quantitative assessment of tyrosine nitration of manganese superoxide dismutase in angiotensin II-infused rat kidney
Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,
October 1, 2003;
285(4):
H1396 - H1403.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. L. Davisson
Physiological genomic analysis of the brain renin-angiotensin system
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol,
September 1, 2003;
285(3):
R498 - R511.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Horiguchi, K. Uryu, B. I. Giasson, H. Ischiropoulos, R. LightFoot, C. Bellmann, C. Richter-Landsberg, V. M.-Y. Lee, and J. Q. Trojanowski
Nitration of Tau Protein Is Linked to Neurodegeneration in Tauopathies
Am. J. Pathol.,
September 1, 2003;
163(3):
1021 - 1031.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Yao, V. Zhukareva, S. Sung, C.M. Clark, J. Rokach, V.M.-Y. Lee, J.Q. Trojanowski, and D. Pratico
Enhanced brain levels of 8,12-iso-iPF2{alpha}-VI differentiate AD from frontotemporal dementia
Neurology,
August 26, 2003;
61(4):
475 - 478.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. J. Barnham, W. J. McKinstry, G. Multhaup, D. Galatis, C. J. Morton, C. C. Curtain, N. A. Williamson, A. R. White, M. G. Hinds, R. S. Norton, et al.
Structure of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Precursor Protein Copper Binding Domain. A REGULATOR OF NEURONAL COPPER HOMEOSTASIS
J. Biol. Chem.,
May 2, 2003;
278(19):
17401 - 17407.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. E. McLellan, S. T. Kajdasz, B. T. Hyman, and B. J. Bacskai
In Vivo Imaging of Reactive Oxygen Species Specifically Associated with Thioflavine S-Positive Amyloid Plaques by Multiphoton Microscopy
J. Neurosci.,
March 15, 2003;
23(6):
2212 - 2217.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Nicot, P. V. Ratnakar, Y. Ron, C.-C. Chen, and S. Elkabes
Regulation of gene expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis indicates early neuronal dysfunction
Brain,
February 1, 2003;
126(2):
398 - 412.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. N. Prasad, W. C. Cole, and K. C. Prasad
Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease: Role of Multiple Antioxidants, Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory and Cholinergic Agents Alone or in Combination in Prevention and Treatment
J. Am. Coll. Nutr.,
December 1, 2002;
21(6):
506 - 522.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Zimmerman, E. Lazartigues, J. A. Lang, P. Sinnayah, I. M. Ahmad, D. R. Spitz, and R. L. Davisson
Superoxide Mediates the Actions of Angiotensin II in the Central Nervous System
Circ. Res.,
November 29, 2002;
91(11):
1038 - 1045.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Atamna, D. W. Killilea, A. N. Killilea, and B. N. Ames
Heme deficiency may be a factor in the mitochondrial and neuronal decay of aging
PNAS,
November 12, 2002;
99(23):
14807 - 14812.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Sousa, R. Fernandes, J. A. Palha, A. Taboada, P. Vieira, and M. J. Saraiva
Evidence for Early Cytotoxic Aggregates in Transgenic Mice for Human Transthyretin Leu55Pro
Am. J. Pathol.,
November 1, 2002;
161(5):
1935 - 1948.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Xie, M. Wei, T. E. Morgan, P. Fabrizio, D. Han, C. E. Finch, and V. D. Longo
Peroxynitrite Mediates Neurotoxicity of Amyloid beta -Peptide1-42- and Lipopolysaccharide-Activated Microglia
J. Neurosci.,
May 1, 2002;
22(9):
3484 - 3492.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. J. Munoz, C. Opazo, G. Gil-Gomez, G. Tapia, V. Fernandez, M. A. Valverde, and N. C. Inestrosa
Vitamin E But Not 17beta -Estradiol Protects against Vascular Toxicity Induced by beta -Amyloid Wild Type and the Dutch Amyloid Variant
J. Neurosci.,
April 15, 2002;
22(8):
3081 - 3089.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Wataya, A. Nunomura, M. A. Smith, S. L. Siedlak, P. L. R. Harris, S. Shimohama, L. I. Szweda, M. A. Kaminski, J. Avila, D. L. Price, et al.
High Molecular Weight Neurofilament Proteins Are Physiological Substrates of Adduction by the Lipid Peroxidation Product Hydroxynonenal
J. Biol. Chem.,
February 8, 2002;
277(7):
4644 - 4648.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. P. Lim, T. Chu, F. Yang, W. Beech, S. A. Frautschy, and G. M. Cole
The Curry Spice Curcumin Reduces Oxidative Damage and Amyloid Pathology in an Alzheimer Transgenic Mouse
J. Neurosci.,
November 1, 2001;
21(21):
8370 - 8377.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Paxinou, Q. Chen, M. Weisse, B. I. Giasson, E. H. Norris, S. M. Rueter, J. Q. Trojanowski, V. M.-Y. Lee, and H. Ischiropoulos
Induction of {alpha}-Synuclein Aggregation by Intracellular Nitrative Insult
J. Neurosci.,
October 15, 2001;
21(20):
8053 - 8061.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. L. Kanabrocki, M. George, R. C. Hermida, H. L. Messmore, M. D. Ryan, D. E. Ayala, D. A. Hoppensteadt, J. Fareed, F. W. Bremner, J. L. H. C. Third, et al.
Day-Night Variations in Blood Levels of Nitric Oxide, T-TFPI, and E-Selectin
Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis,
October 1, 2001;
7(4):
339 - 345.
[Abstract]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. M. Sousa, S. Du Yan, R. Fernandes, A. Guimaraes, D. Stern, and M. J. Saraiva
Familial Amyloid Polyneuropathy: Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products-Dependent Triggering of Neuronal Inflammatory and Apoptotic Pathways
J. Neurosci.,
October 1, 2001;
21(19):
7576 - 7586.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Guermonprez, C. Ducrocq, and Y. M. Gaudry-Talarmain
Inhibition of Acetylcholine Synthesis and Tyrosine Nitration Induced by Peroxynitrite Are Differentially Prevented by Antioxidants
Mol. Pharmacol.,
October 1, 2001;
60(4):
838 - 846.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. DENG, N. D. VAZIRI, B. JABBARI, Z. NI, and X.-X. YAN
Increased Tyrosine Nitration of the Brain in Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Reversal by Antioxidant Therapy and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.,
September 1, 2001;
12(9):
1892 - 1899.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Hirai, G. Aliev, A. Nunomura, H. Fujioka, R. L. Russell, C. S. Atwood, A. B. Johnson, Y. Kress, H. V. Vinters, M. Tabaton, et al.
Mitochondrial Abnormalities in Alzheimer's Disease
J. Neurosci.,
May 1, 2001;
21(9):
3017 - 3023.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. K. Combs, J. C. Karlo, S.-C. Kao, and G. E. Landreth
{beta}-Amyloid Stimulation of Microglia and Monocytes Results in TNF{alpha}-Dependent Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Neuronal Apoptosis
J. Neurosci.,
February 15, 2001;
21(4):
1179 - 1188.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. I. Giasson, J. E. Duda, I. V. J. Murray, Q. Chen, J. M. Souza, H. I. Hurtig, H. Ischiropoulos, J. Q. Trojanowski, and V. M. -Y. Lee
Oxidative Damage Linked to Neurodegeneration by Selective alpha -Synuclein Nitration in Synucleinopathy Lesions
Science,
November 3, 2000;
290(5493):
985 - 989.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. E. Duda, B. I. Giasson, Q. Chen, T. L. Gur, H. I. Hurtig, M. B. Stern, S. M. Gollomp, H. Ischiropoulos, V. M.-Y. Lee, and J. Q. Trojanowski
Widespread Nitration of Pathological Inclusions in Neurodegenerative Synucleinopathies
Am. J. Pathol.,
November 1, 2000;
157(5):
1439 - 1445.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. T. Heneka, T. Klockgether, and D. L. Feinstein
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma Ligands Reduce Neuronal Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Cell Death In Vivo
J. Neurosci.,
September 15, 2000;
20(18):
6862 - 6867.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
|
|
|
|
