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The Journal of Neuroscience, June 15, 1998, 18(12):4588-4602
Dopamine Neurons Make Glutamatergic Synapses In
Vitro
David
Sulzer1, 2, 5,
Myra
P.
Joyce1, 5,
Ling
Lin1, 5,
Daron
Geldwert1, 5,
Suzanne N.
Haber6,
Toshiaki
Hattori7, and
Stephen
Rayport1, 3, 4, 5
Departments of 1 Psychiatry, 2 Neurology,
and 3 Anatomy and Cell Biology and 4 Center for
Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, New York
10032, 5 Department of Neuroscience, New York State
Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, 6 Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642, and 7 Department
of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario,
Canada M5S 1A8
Interactions between dopamine and glutamate play prominent roles in
memory, addiction, and schizophrenia. Several lines of evidence have
suggested that the ventral midbrain dopamine neurons that give rise to
the major CNS dopaminergic projections may also be glutamatergic. To
examine this possibility, we double immunostained ventral midbrain
sections from rat and monkey for the dopamine-synthetic enzyme tyrosine
hydroxylase and for glutamate; we found that most dopamine neurons
immunostained for glutamate, both in rat and monkey. We then used
postnatal cell culture to examine individual dopamine neurons. Again,
most dopamine neurons immunostained for glutamate; they were also
immunoreactive for phosphate-activated glutaminase, the major source of
neurotransmitter glutamate. Inhibition of glutaminase reduced glutamate
staining. In single-cell microculture, dopamine neurons gave rise to
varicosities immunoreactive for both tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate
and others immunoreactive mainly for glutamate, which were found near
the cell body. At the ultrastructural level, dopamine neurons formed
occasional dopaminergic varicosities with symmetric synaptic
specializations, but they more commonly formed nondopaminergic
varicosities with asymmetric synaptic specializations. Stimulation of
individual dopamine neurons evoked a fast glutamatergic autaptic EPSC
that showed presynaptic inhibition caused by concomitant dopamine
release. Thus, dopamine neurons may exert rapid synaptic actions via
their glutamatergic synapses and slower modulatory actions via their dopaminergic synapses. Together with evidence for glutamate
cotransmission in serotonergic raphe neurons and noradrenergic locus
coeruleus neurons, the present results suggest that glutamatergic
cotransmission may be the rule for central monoaminergic neurons.
Key words:
glutamate; cotransmission; mesolimbic; nigrostriatal; cell culture; ventral tegmental area
Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/98/18124588-15$05.00/0
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