WWW.JNEUROSCI.ORG
-
The Journal of Neuroscience
 QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     
-


HOME
  |  
SEARCH  |   ARCHIVE  |   SUBSCRIBE  |   CONTACT  |   HELP

This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Submit an eLetter
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me when eLetters are posted
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Web of Science (190)
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sgambato, V.
Right arrow Articles by Caboche, J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sgambato, V.
Right arrow Articles by Caboche, J.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

The Journal of Neuroscience, November 1, 1998, 18(21):8814-8825

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) Controls Immediate Early Gene Induction on Corticostriatal Stimulation

Véronique Sgambato, Christiane Pagès, Monique Rogard, Marie-Jo Besson, and Jocelyne Caboche

Laboratoire Neurochimie-Anatomie, Institut des Neurosciences, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7624, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France

Activity-dependent changes in neuronal structure and synaptic remodeling depend critically on gene regulation. In an attempt to understand how glutamate receptor stimulation at the membrane leads to gene regulation in the nucleus, we traced intracellular signaling pathways targeting DNA regulatory elements of immediate early genes (IEGs). For this purpose we used an in vivo electrical stimulation of the glutamatergic corticostriatal pathway. We show that a transient activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) proteins (detected by immunocytochemistry with an anti-active antibody) is spatially coincident with the onset of IEG induction [c-fos, zif 268, and map kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) detected by in situ hybridization] in the striatum, bilaterally. Both Elk-1 and CREB transcription factors (targeting SRE and CRE DNA regulatory elements, respectively) were hyperphosphorylated in register with ERK activation and IEG mRNA induction. However, their hyperphosphorylation occurred in different subcellular compartments: the cytoplasm and the nucleus for Elk-1 and the nucleus for CREB. The role of the ERK signaling cascade in gene regulation was confirmed after intrastriatal and unilateral injection of the specific ERK inhibitor PD 98059, which completely abolished c-fos, zif 268, and MKP-1 mRNA induction in the injected side. Of interest, both Elk-1 and CREB hyperphosphorylation also was impaired after PD 98059 injection. Thus two different ERK modules, one depending on the cytoplasmic activation of Elk-1 and the other one depending on the nuclear activation of CREB, control IEG transcriptional regulation in our model. Our findings provide significant insights into intracellular mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity in the striatum.

Key words: motor cortex; striatum; c-fos; zif 268; transcription factors; Elk-1; CREB; phosphorylation; ERK; kinases; phosphatases


Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/98/18218814-12$05.00/0


This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
Y. Luo, J. Lathia, M. Mughal, and M. P. Mattson
SDF1{alpha}/CXCR4 Signaling, via ERKs and the Transcription Factor Egr1, Induces Expression of a 67-kDa Form of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Embryonic Hippocampal Neurons
J. Biol. Chem., September 5, 2008; 283(36): 24789 - 24800.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
C. R. Gerfen, R. Paletzki, and P. Worley
Differences between Dorsal and Ventral Striatum in Drd1a Dopamine Receptor Coupling of Dopamine- and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein-32 to Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
J. Neurosci., July 9, 2008; 28(28): 7113 - 7120.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. Bertran-Gonzalez, C. Bosch, M. Maroteaux, M. Matamales, D. Herve, E. Valjent, and J.-A. Girault
Opposing Patterns of Signaling Activation in Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor-Expressing Striatal Neurons in Response to Cocaine and Haloperidol
J. Neurosci., May 28, 2008; 28(22): 5671 - 5685.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
EndocrinologyHome page
P. S. Singru, E. Sanchez, R. Acharya, C. Fekete, and R. M. Lechan
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Contributes to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Synthesizing Neurons in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus
Endocrinology, May 1, 2008; 149(5): 2283 - 2292.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
FASEB J.Home page
E. Roze, S. Betuing, C. Deyts, E. Marcon, K. Brami-Cherrier, C. Pages, S. Humbert, K. Merienne, and J. Caboche
Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 deficiency is involved in expanded-huntingtin-induced transcriptional dysregulation and striatal death
FASEB J, April 1, 2008; 22(4): 1083 - 1093.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. Lavaur, F. Bernard, P. Trifilieff, V. Pascoli, V. Kappes, C. Pages, P. Vanhoutte, and J. Caboche
A TAT DEF Elk-1 Peptide Regulates the Cytonuclear Trafficking of Elk-1 and Controls Cytoskeleton Dynamics
J. Neurosci., December 26, 2007; 27(52): 14448 - 14458.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Toxicol SciHome page
T. Reistad, E. Mariussen, A. Ring, and F. Fonnum
In Vitro Toxicity of Tetrabromobisphenol-A on Cerebellar Granule Cells: Cell Death, Free Radical Formation, Calcium Influx and Extracellular Glutamate
Toxicol. Sci., April 1, 2007; 96(2): 268 - 278.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
J. McDaid, M. P. Graham, and T. C. Napier
Methamphetamine-Induced Sensitization Differentially Alters pCREB and {Delta}FosB throughout the Limbic Circuit of the Mammalian Brain
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2006; 70(6): 2064 - 2074.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Quiroz, C. Gomes, A. C. Pak, J. A. Ribeiro, S. R. Goldberg, B. T. Hope, and S. Ferre
Blockade of Adenosine A2A Receptors Prevents Protein Phosphorylation in the Striatum Induced by Cortical Stimulation.
J. Neurosci., October 18, 2006; 26(42): 10808 - 10812.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
K. Kalita, G. Kharebava, J.-J. Zheng, and M. Hetman
Role of Megakaryoblastic Acute Leukemia-1 in ERK1/2-Dependent Stimulation of Serum Response Factor-Driven Transcription by BDNF or Increased Synaptic Activity
J. Neurosci., September 27, 2006; 26(39): 10020 - 10032.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Learn. Mem.Home page
P. Trifilieff, C. Herry, P. Vanhoutte, J. Caboche, A. Desmedt, G. Riedel, N. Mons, and J. Micheau
Foreground contextual fear memory consolidation requires two independent phases of hippocampal ERK/CREB activation
Learn. Mem., May 1, 2006; 13(3): 349 - 358.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
F. Fumagalli, A. Frasca, M. Sparta, F. Drago, G. Racagni, and M. A. Riva
Long-Term Exposure to the Atypical Antipsychotic Olanzapine Differently Up-Regulates Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 Phosphorylation in Subcellular Compartments of Rat Prefrontal Cortex
Mol. Pharmacol., April 1, 2006; 69(4): 1366 - 1372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
C. Pittenger, S. Fasano, D. Mazzocchi-Jones, S. B. Dunnett, E. R. Kandel, and R. Brambilla
Impaired bidirectional synaptic plasticity and procedural memory formation in striatum-specific cAMP response element-binding protein-deficient mice.
J. Neurosci., March 8, 2006; 26(10): 2808 - 2813.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
K. Brami-Cherrier, E. Valjent, D. Herve, J. Darragh, J.-C. Corvol, C. Pages, A. J. Simon, J.-A. Girault, and J. Caboche
Parsing Molecular and Behavioral Effects of Cocaine in Mitogen- and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase-1-Deficient Mice
J. Neurosci., December 7, 2005; 25(49): 11444 - 11454.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
K. Suzuki, M. Sato, Y. Morishima, and S. Nakanishi
Neuronal Depolarization Controls Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor-Induced Upregulation of NR2C NMDA Receptor via Calcineurin Signaling
J. Neurosci., October 12, 2005; 25(41): 9535 - 9543.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
E. Valjent, V. Pascoli, P. Svenningsson, S. Paul, H. Enslen, J.-C. Corvol, A. Stipanovich, J. Caboche, P. J. Lombroso, A. C. Nairn, et al.
From The Cover: Regulation of a protein phosphatase cascade allows convergent dopamine and glutamate signals to activate ERK in the striatum
PNAS, January 11, 2005; 102(2): 491 - 496.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Biol. CellHome page
E. Canon, J. M. Cosgaya, S. Scsucova, and A. Aranda
Rapid Effects of Retinoic Acid on CREB and ERK Phosphorylation in Neuronal Cells
Mol. Biol. Cell, December 1, 2004; 15(12): 5583 - 5592.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
G. Putz, F. Bertolucci, T. Raabe, T. Zars, and M. Heisenberg
The S6KII (rsk) Gene of Drosophila melanogaster Differentially Affects an Operant and a Classical Learning Task
J. Neurosci., November 3, 2004; 24(44): 9745 - 9751.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
Y. Kawasaki, T. Kohno, Z.-Y. Zhuang, G. J. Brenner, H. Wang, C. Van Der Meer, K. Befort, C. J. Woolf, and R.-R. Ji
Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors, Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, and Src Contribute to C-Fiber-Induced ERK Activation and cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation in Dorsal Horn Neurons, Leading to Central Sensitization
J. Neurosci., September 22, 2004; 24(38): 8310 - 8321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
H.-Y. Cheng and D. F. Clayton
Activation and Habituation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation in Zebra Finch Auditory Forebrain during Song Presentation
J. Neurosci., August 25, 2004; 24(34): 7503 - 7513.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
S. T. Papadeas, B. L. Blake, D. J. Knapp, and G. R. Breese
Sustained Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Phosphorylation in Neonate 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Rats after Repeated D1-Dopamine Receptor Agonist Administration: Implications for NMDA Receptor Involvement
J. Neurosci., June 30, 2004; 24(26): 5863 - 5876.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
NeuroscientistHome page
C. R. Gerfen
D1 Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity in the Dopamine-Depleted Striatum Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2003; 9(6): 455 - 462.
[Abstract] [PDF]


Home page
Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
A. H. Nashat and R. Langer
Temporal Characteristics of Activation, Deactivation, and Restimulation of Signal Transduction following Depolarization in the Pheochromocytoma Cell Line PC12
Mol. Cell. Biol., July 15, 2003; 23(14): 4788 - 4795.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
K. Obata, H. Yamanaka, Y. Dai, T. Tachibana, T. Fukuoka, A. Tokunaga, H. Yoshikawa, and K. Noguchi
Differential Activation of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Protein Kinase in Primary Afferent Neurons Regulates Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression after Peripheral Inflammation and Nerve Injury
J. Neurosci., May 15, 2003; 23(10): 4117 - 4126.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
StrokeHome page
N. Vartiainen, G. Goldsteins, V. Keksa-Goldsteine, P. H. Chan, and J. Koistinaho
Aspirin Inhibits p44/42 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase and Is Protective Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Neuronal Damage
Stroke, March 1, 2003; 34(3): 752 - 757.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
N. Noshita, T. Sugawara, T. Hayashi, A. Lewen, G. Omar, and P. H. Chan
Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Attenuates Neuronal Cell Death by Preventing Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Activation after Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice
J. Neurosci., September 15, 2002; 22(18): 7923 - 7930.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
C. R. Gerfen, S. Miyachi, R. Paletzki, and P. Brown
D1 Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity in the Dopamine-Depleted Striatum Results from a Switch in the Regulation of ERK1/2/MAP Kinase
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2002; 22(12): 5042 - 5054.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
Y. Shirayama, A. C.-H. Chen, S. Nakagawa, D. S. Russell, and R. S. Duman
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Produces Antidepressant Effects in Behavioral Models of Depression
J. Neurosci., April 15, 2002; 22(8): 3251 - 3261.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Garcia, P. Vanhoutte, C. Pages, M.-J. Besson, E. Brouillet, and J. Caboche
The Mitochondrial Toxin 3-Nitropropionic Acid Induces Striatal Neurodegeneration via a c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase/c-Jun Module
J. Neurosci., March 15, 2002; 22(6): 2174 - 2184.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
A. F. Mower, D. S. Liao, E. J. Nestler, R. L. Neve, and A. S. Ramoa
cAMP/Ca2+ Response Element-Binding Protein Function Is Essential for Ocular Dominance Plasticity
J. Neurosci., March 15, 2002; 22(6): 2237 - 2245.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Stanciu and D. B. DeFranco
Prolonged Nuclear Retention of Activated Extracellular Signal-regulated Protein Kinase Promotes Cell Death Generated by Oxidative Toxicity or Proteasome Inhibition in a Neuronal Cell Line
J. Biol. Chem., February 1, 2002; 277(6): 4010 - 4017.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
R.-R. Ji, K. Befort, G. J. Brenner, and C. J. Woolf
ERK MAP Kinase Activation in Superficial Spinal Cord Neurons Induces Prodynorphin and NK-1 Upregulation and Contributes to Persistent Inflammatory Pain Hypersensitivity
J. Neurosci., January 15, 2002; 22(2): 478 - 485.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Andersson, C. Konradi, and M. A. Cenci
cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Is Required for Dopamine-Dependent Gene Expression in the Intact But Not the Dopamine-Denervated Striatum
J. Neurosci., December 15, 2001; 21(24): 9930 - 9943.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
T. Mabuchi, K. Kitagawa, K. Kuwabara, K. Takasawa, T. Ohtsuki, Z. Xia, D. Storm, T. Yanagihara, M. Hori, and M. Matsumoto
Phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein in Hippocampal Neurons as a Protective Response after Exposure to Glutamate In Vitro and Ischemia In Vivo
J. Neurosci., December 1, 2001; 21(23): 9204 - 9213.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Sato, K. Suzuki, and S. Nakanishi
NMDA Receptor Stimulation and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Upregulate Homer 1a mRNA via the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells
J. Neurosci., June 1, 2001; 21(11): 3797 - 3805.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
J. E. Cavanaugh, J. Ham, M. Hetman, S. Poser, C. Yan, and Z. Xia
Differential Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ERK1/2 and ERK5 by Neurotrophins, Neuronal Activity, and cAMP in Neurons
J. Neurosci., January 15, 2001; 21(2): 434 - 443.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
E. Valjent, J.-C. Corvol, C. Pages, M.-J. Besson, R. Maldonado, and J. Caboche
Involvement of the Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Cascade for Cocaine-Rewarding Properties
J. Neurosci., December 1, 2000; 20(23): 8701 - 8709.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
BloodHome page
Q.-J. Li, S. Vaingankar, F. M. Sladek, and M. Martins-Green
Novel nuclear target for thrombin: activation of the Elk1 transcription factor leads to chemokine gene expression
Blood, December 1, 2000; 96(12): 3696 - 3706.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
L. Zirpel, M. A. Janowiak, C. A. Veltri, and T. N. Parks
AMPA Receptor-Mediated, Calcium-Dependent CREB Phosphorylation in a Subpopulation of Auditory Neurons Surviving Activity Deprivation
J. Neurosci., August 15, 2000; 20(16): 6267 - 6275.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
Arch Gen PsychiatryHome page
S. V. Kyosseva, A. D. Elbein, T. L. Hutton, W. S. T. Griffin, R. E. Mrak, W. Q. Sturner, and C. N. Karson
Increased Levels of Transcription Factors Elk-1, Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate Response Element-Binding Protein, and Activating Transcription Factor 2 in the Cerebellar Vermis of Schizophrenic Patients
Arch Gen Psychiatry, July 1, 2000; 57(7): 685 - 691.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
T. Sugino, K. Nozaki, Y. Takagi, I. Hattori, N. Hashimoto, T. Moriguchi, and E. Nishida
Activation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases after Transient Forebrain Ischemia in Gerbil Hippocampus
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2000; 20(12): 4506 - 4514.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Davis, P. Vanhoutte, C. Pages, J. Caboche, and S. Laroche
The MAPK/ERK Cascade Targets Both Elk-1 and cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein to Control Long-Term Potentiation-Dependent Gene Expression in the Dentate Gyrus In Vivo
J. Neurosci., June 15, 2000; 20(12): 4563 - 4572.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
T. Pizzorusso, G. M. Ratto, E. Putignano, and L. Maffei
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Causes cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein Phosphorylation in Absence of Calcium Increases in Slices and Cultured Neurons from Rat Visual Cortex
J. Neurosci., April 15, 2000; 20(8): 2809 - 2816.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
S. S. Grewal, A. M. Horgan, R. D. York, G. S. Withers, G. A. Banker, and P. J. S. Stork
Neuronal Calcium Activates a Rap1 and B-Raf Signaling Pathway via the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-dependent Protein Kinase
J. Biol. Chem., February 4, 2000; 275(5): 3722 - 3728.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Pastorcic and H. K. Das
An Upstream Element Containing an ETS Binding Site Is Crucial for Transcription of the Human Presenilin-1 Gene
J. Biol. Chem., August 20, 1999; 274(34): 24297 - 24307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Neurosci.Home page
M. S. Perkinton, T. S. Sihra, and R. J. Williams
Ca2+-Permeable AMPA Receptors Induce Phosphorylation of cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein through a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Dependent Stimulation of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Cascade in Neurons
J. Neurosci., July 15, 1999; 19(14): 5861 - 5874.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
M. Tomas-Zuber, J.-L. Mary, and W. Lesslauer
Control Sites of Ribosomal S6 Kinase B and Persistent Activation through Tumor Necrosis Factor
J. Biol. Chem., July 28, 2000; 275(31): 23549 - 23558.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
L. J. Chandler, G. Sutton, N. R. Dorairaj, and D. Norwood
N-Methyl D-Aspartate Receptor-mediated Bidirectional Control of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase Activity in Cortical Neuronal Cultures
J. Biol. Chem., January 19, 2001; 276(4): 2627 - 2636.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. Hans, S. Syan, C. Crosio, P. Sassone-Corsi, M. Brahic, and D. Gonzalez-Dunia
Borna Disease Virus Persistent Infection Activates Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and Blocks Neuronal Differentiation of PC12 Cells
J. Biol. Chem., March 2, 2001; 276(10): 7258 - 7265.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


Home page
J. Biol. Chem.Home page
P. Vanhoutte, J. L. Nissen, B. Brugg, B. D. Gaspera, M.-J. Besson, R. A. Hipskind, and J. Caboche
Opposing Roles of Elk-1 and Its Brain-specific Isoform, Short Elk-1, in Nerve Growth Factor-induced PC12 Differentiation
J. Biol. Chem., February 9, 2001; 276(7): 5189 - 5196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



-
-

Home  |   Search  |   Archive  |   Subscribe  |   Contact  |   Help

-
Copyright 2009 by Society for Neuroscience ONLINE ISSN: 1529-2401
-