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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 1, 1998, 18(23):9996-10015

Neurons Containing Hypocretin (Orexin) Project to Multiple Neuronal Systems

Christelle Peyron1, Devin K. Tighe1, Anthony N. van den Pol1, 3, Luis de Lecea2, H. Craig Heller1, J. Gregor Sutcliffe2, and Thomas S. Kilduff1

1 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, 2 Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, and 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520

The novel neuropeptides called hypocretins (orexins) have recently been identified as being localized exclusively in cell bodies in a subregion of the tuberal part of the hypothalamus. The structure of the hypocretins, their accumulation in vesicles of axon terminals, and their excitatory effect on cultured hypothalamic neurons suggest that the hypocretins function in intercellular communication. To characterize these peptides further and to help understand what physiological functions they may serve, we undertook an immunohistochemical study to examine the distribution of preprohypocretin-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the rat brain. Preprohypocretin-positive neurons were found in the perifornical nucleus and in the dorsal and lateral hypothalamic areas. These cells were distinct from those that express melanin-concentrating hormone. Although they represent a restricted group of cells, their projections were widely distributed in the brain. We observed labeled fibers throughout the hypothalamus. The densest extrahypothalamic projection was found in the locus coeruleus. Fibers were also seen in the septal nuclei, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the paraventricular and reuniens nuclei of the thalamus, the zona incerta, the subthalamic nucleus, the central gray, the substantia nigra, the raphe nuclei, the parabrachial area, the medullary reticular formation, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. Less prominent projections were found in cortical regions, central and anterior amygdaloid nuclei, and the olfactory bulb. These results suggest that hypocretins are likely to have a role in physiological functions in addition to food intake such as regulation of blood pressure, the neuroendocrine system, body temperature, and the sleep-waking cycle.

Key words: neuropeptide; hypothalamus; immunohistochemistry; blood pressure; feeding; autonomic functions; hypocretin; orexin; melanin-concentrating hormone; neuroendocrine


Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/98/18239996-20$05.00/0


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Orexin Neurons Are Directly and Indirectly Regulated by Catecholamines in a Complex Manner
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2006; 96(1): 284 - 298.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
Y. Tamakawa, A. Karashima, Y. Koyama, N. Katayama, and M. Nakao
A Quartet Neural System Model Orchestrating Sleep and Wakefulness Mechanisms
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2006; 95(4): 2055 - 2069.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
R. Bernard, R. Lydic, and H. A. Baghdoyan
Hypocretin (Orexin) Receptor Subtypes Differentially Enhance Acetylcholine Release and Activate G Protein Subtypes in Rat Pontine Reticular Formation
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., April 1, 2006; 317(1): 163 - 171.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
H. Huang, P. Ghosh, and A. N. van den Pol
Prefrontal Cortex-Projecting Glutamatergic Thalamic Paraventricular Nucleus-Excited by Hypocretin: A Feedforward Circuit That May Enhance Cognitive Arousal
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2006; 95(3): 1656 - 1668.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. Narita, Y. Nagumo, S. Hashimoto, M. Narita, J. Khotib, M. Miyatake, T. Sakurai, M. Yanagisawa, T. Nakamachi, S. Shioda, et al.
Direct Involvement of Orexinergic Systems in the Activation of the Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway and Related Behaviors Induced by Morphine
J. Neurosci., January 11, 2006; 26(2): 398 - 405.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Phil Trans R Soc BHome page
D. Burdakov, S. M Luckman, and A. Verkhratsky
Glucose-sensing neurons of the hypothalamus
Phil Trans R Soc B, December 29, 2005; 360(1464): 2227 - 2235.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. Boutrel, P. J. Kenny, S. E. Specio, R. Martin-Fardon, A. Markou, G. F. Koob, and L. de Lecea
Role for hypocretin in mediating stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior
PNAS, December 27, 2005; 102(52): 19168 - 19173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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NeuroscientistHome page
R. K. Reinscheid and Y.-L. Xu
Neuropeptide S and Its Receptor: A Newly Deorphanized G Protein-Coupled Receptor System
Neuroscientist, December 1, 2005; 11(6): 532 - 538.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
P. R. Holland, S. Akerman, and P. J. Goadsby
Orexin 1 Receptor Activation Attenuates Neurogenic Dural Vasodilation in an Animal Model of Trigeminovascular Nociception
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., December 1, 2005; 315(3): 1380 - 1385.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J PsychopharmacolHome page
S. Tighe and T. Dinan
An overview of the central control of weight regulation and the effect of antipsychotic medication
J Psychopharmacol, November 1, 2005; 19(6_suppl): 36 - 46.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
K. Takakusaki, K. Takahashi, K. Saitoh, H. Harada, T. Okumura, Y. Kayama, and Y. Koyama
Orexinergic projections to the cat midbrain mediate alternation of emotional behavioural states from locomotion to cataplexy
J. Physiol., November 1, 2005; 568(3): 1003 - 1020.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
S. Thankachan and B. Rusak
Juxtacellular Recording/Labeling Analysis of Physiological and Anatomical Characteristics of Rat Intergeniculate Leaflet Neurons
J. Neurosci., October 5, 2005; 25(40): 9195 - 9204.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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FocusHome page
J. E. Black, S. Nishino, and S. N. Brooks
Narcolepsy and Syndromes of Central Nervous System-Mediated Sleepiness
Focus, October 1, 2005; 3(4): 585 - 597.
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Physiol. Rev.Home page
S. Stanley, K. Wynne, B. McGowan, and S. Bloom
Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1131 - 1158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurophysiol.Home page
G. Wollmann, C. Acuna-Goycolea, and A. N. van den Pol
Direct Excitation of Hypocretin/Orexin Cells by Extracellular ATP at P2X Receptors
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2005; 94(3): 2195 - 2206.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
G. M. Sutton, B. Duos, L. M. Patterson, and H.-R. Berthoud
Melanocortinergic Modulation of Cholecystokinin-Induced Suppression of Feeding through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in Rat Solitary Nucleus
Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3739 - 3747.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
G. K. Ford, K. A. Al-Barazanji, S. Wilson, D. N. C. Jones, M. S. Harbuz, and D. S. Jessop
Orexin Expression and Function: Glucocorticoid Manipulation, Stress, and Feeding Studies
Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3724 - 3731.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
A. B. Hardy, J. Aioun, C. Baly, K. A. Julliard, M. Caillol, R. Salesse, and P. Duchamp-Viret
Orexin A Modulates Mitral Cell Activity in the Rat Olfactory Bulb: Patch-Clamp Study on Slices and Immunocytochemical Localization of Orexin Receptors
Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 4042 - 4053.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
O. Dergacheva, X. Wang, Z.-G. Huang, E. Bouairi, C. Stephens, C. Gorini, and D. Mendelowitz
Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) Facilitates Inhibitory and Diminishes Excitatory Synaptic Pathways to Cardiac Vagal Neurons in the Nucleus Ambiguus
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2005; 314(3): 1322 - 1327.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
N. Tsujino, A. Yamanaka, K. Ichiki, Y. Muraki, T. S. Kilduff, K.-i. Yagami, S. Takahashi, K. Goto, and T. Sakurai
Cholecystokinin Activates Orexin/Hypocretin Neurons through the Cholecystokinin A Receptor
J. Neurosci., August 10, 2005; 25(32): 7459 - 7469.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
C. M. Kotz, M. A. Mullett, and C. Wang
Diminished feeding responsiveness to orexin A (hypocretin 1) in aged rats is accompanied by decreased neuronal activation
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R359 - R366.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
A. J. Thorpe, J. A. Teske, and C. M. Kotz
Orexin A-induced feeding is augmented by caloric challenge
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): R367 - R372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
M. G. Lee, O. K. Hassani, and B. E. Jones
Discharge of Identified Orexin/Hypocretin Neurons across the Sleep-Waking Cycle
J. Neurosci., July 13, 2005; 25(28): 6716 - 6720.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Behav Cogn Neurosci RevHome page
S. C. Gammie
Current Models and Future Directions for Understanding the Neural Circuitries of Maternal Behaviors in Rodents
Behav Cogn Neurosci Rev, June 1, 2005; 4(2): 119 - 135.
[Abstract] [PDF]


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EndocrinologyHome page
T. Yasuda, T. Masaki, T. Kakuma, M. Hara, T. Nawata, I. Katsuragi, and H. Yoshimatsu
Dual Regulatory Effects of Orexins on Sympathetic Nerve Activity Innervating Brown Adipose Tissue in Rats
Endocrinology, June 1, 2005; 146(6): 2744 - 2748.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
S. W. Kok, F. Roelfsema, S. Overeem, G. J. Lammers, M. Frolich, A. E. Meinders, and H. Pijl
Altered setting of the pituitary-thyroid ensemble in hypocretin-deficient narcoleptic men
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, May 1, 2005; 288(5): E892 - E899.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
J. Grivel, V. Cvetkovic, L. Bayer, D. Machard, I. Tobler, M. Muhlethaler, and M. Serafin
The Wake-Promoting Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons Change Their Response to Noradrenaline after Sleep Deprivation
J. Neurosci., April 20, 2005; 25(16): 4127 - 4130.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Appl. Physiol.Home page
J. K. Young, M. Wu, K. F. Manaye, P. Kc, J. S. Allard, S. O. Mack, and M. A. Haxhiu
Orexin stimulates breathing via medullary and spinal pathways
J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2005; 98(4): 1387 - 1395.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Neurosci.Home page
D. Burdakov, O. Gerasimenko, and A. Verkhratsky
Physiological Changes in Glucose Differentially Modulate the Excitability of Hypothalamic Melanin-Concentrating Hormone and Orexin Neurons In Situ
J. Neurosci., March 2, 2005; 25(9): 2429 - 2433.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Physiol.Home page
Md. N. Alam, S. Kumar, T. Bashir, N. Suntsova, M. M Methippara, R. Szymusiak, and D. McGinty
GABA-mediated control of hypocretin- but not melanin-concentrating hormone-immunoreactive neurones during sleep in rats
J. Physiol., March 1, 2005; 563(2): 569 - 582.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]



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