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The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 1998, 18(24):10277-10286
Mitochondrial Control of Acute Glutamate Excitotoxicity in
Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells
Roger F.
Castilho,
Oskar
Hansson,
Manus W.
Ward,
Samantha L.
Budd, and
David G.
Nicholls
Neurosciences Institute, Department of Pharmacology and
Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United
Kingdom
Mitochondria within cultured rat cerebellar granule cells have a
complex influence on cytoplasmic free Ca2+
([Ca2+]c) responses to
glutamate. A decreased initial [Ca2+]c
elevation in cells whose mitochondria are depolarized by inhibition of
the ATP synthase and respiratory chain (conditions which avoid ATP
depletion) was attributed to enhanced Ca2+ extrusion
from the cell rather than inhibited Ca2+ entry via
the NMDA receptor. Even in the presence of elevated extracellular
Ca2+, when [Ca2+]c
responses were restored to control values, such cells showed resistance
to acute excitotoxicity, defined as a delayed cytoplasmic Ca2+ deregulation (DCD) during glutamate exposure.
DCD was a function of the duration of mitochondrial polarization in the
presence of glutamate rather than the total period of glutamate
exposure. Once initiated, DCD could not be reversed by NMDA receptor
inhibition. In the absence of ATP synthase inhibition, respiratory
chain inhibitors produced an immediate Ca2+
deregulation (ICD), ascribed to an ATP deficit. In contrast to DCD, ICD
could be reversed by subsequent ATP synthase inhibition with or without
additional NMDA receptor blockade. DCD could not be ascribed to the
failure of an ATP yielding metabolic pathway. It is concluded that
mitochondria can control Ca2+ extrusion from
glutamate-exposed granule cells by the plasma membrane in three ways:
by competing with efflux pathways for Ca2+, by
restricting ATP supply, and by inducing a delayed failure of
Ca2+ extrusion. Inhibitors of the mitochondrial
permeability transition only marginally delayed the onset of DCD.
Key words:
glutamate; excitotoxicity; mitochondria; calcium; granule
cell; NMDA
Copyright © 1998 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/98/182410277-10$05.00/0
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