 |
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Previous Article | Next Article
The Journal of Neuroscience, September 1, 1999, 19(17):7617-7628
Mechanisms Underlying Spontaneous Oscillation and Rhythmic Firing in Rat Subthalamic Neurons
Mark D. Bevan1, 2 and Charles J. Wilson1 1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and 2 Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, University Department of Pharmacology, Oxford OX1 3TH, United Kingdom
Subthalamic neurons drive basal ganglia output neurons in resting animals and relay cortical and thalamic activity to the same output neurons during movement. The first objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms underlying the spontaneous activity of subthalamic neurons in vitro and to gain insight into their resting discharge in vivo. The second objective was to determine the response of subthalamic neurons to depolarizing current injection and how intrinsic properties may shape their response to cortical and thalamic inputs during movement.
Cell-attached and whole-cell recordings were made from subthalamic neurons in brain slices prepared from 3- to 4-week-old rats. The slow, rhythmic discharge of subthalamic neurons was resistant to blockade of excitatory synaptic transmission indicating that intrinsic currents underlie their spontaneous discharge. A persistent sodium current was the source of current during the depolarizing phase of the oscillation. A powerful afterhyperpolarization following each action potential was sufficient to terminate the depolarization. A long duration component of the spike afterhyperpolarization determined the period of the oscillation and was generated by an apamin-sensitive calcium-activated potassium current. Calcium entry responsible for that current was associated with action potentials.
Subthalamic neurons exhibited a sigmoidal frequency-current relationship with the steeper portion starting at ~30-40 Hz. This property makes subthalamic neurons more sensitive to input at high firing rates associated with movement than at low rates associated with rest. We propose that the subthreshold persistent sodium current overcomes calcium activated potassium current which accumulates during high frequency firing and underlies the enhanced sensitivity to current >30 Hz.
Key words: basal ganglia; subthalamic nucleus; persistent sodium current; potassium current; calcium current; afterhyperpolarization; spontaneous activity; f-I relationship; spike frequency adaptation
Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/99/19177617-12$05.00/0
This article has been cited by other articles:
J. Baufreton, E. Kirkham, J. F. Atherton, A. Menard, P. J. Magill, J. P. Bolam, and M. D. Bevan
Sparse but Selective and Potent Synaptic Transmission From the Globus Pallidus to the Subthalamic Nucleus
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2009; 102(1): 532 - 545.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. N. Miller, B. W. Okaty, and S. B. Nelson
Region-Specific Spike-Frequency Acceleration in Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons Mediated by Kv1 Subunits
J. Neurosci., December 17, 2008; 28(51): 13716 - 13726.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. H. P. Kole
Subthalamic firing without an end, but now with a beginning
J. Physiol., December 1, 2008; 586(23): 5603 - 5603.
[Full Text] [PDF]
J. F. Atherton, D. L. Wokosin, S. Ramanathan, and M. D. Bevan
Autonomous initiation and propagation of action potentials in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus
J. Physiol., December 1, 2008; 586(23): 5679 - 5700.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
U. Strauss, F.-W. Zhou, J. Henning, A. Battefeld, A. Wree, R. Kohling, S. J.-P. Haas, R. Benecke, A. Rolfs, and U. Gimsa
Increasing Extracellular Potassium Results in Subthalamic Neuron Activity Resembling That Seen in a 6-Hydroxydopamine Lesion
J Neurophysiol, June 1, 2008; 99(6): 2902 - 2915.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
A. H. Gittis and S. du Lac
Similar Properties of Transient, Persistent, and Resurgent Na Currents in GABAergic and Non-GABAergic Vestibular Nucleus Neurons
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2008; 99(5): 2060 - 2065.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. Baufreton and M. D. Bevan
D2-like dopamine receptor-mediated modulation of activity-dependent plasticity at GABAergic synapses in the subthalamic nucleus
J. Physiol., April 15, 2008; 586(8): 2121 - 2142.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
S. Ramanathan, T. Tkatch, J. F. Atherton, C. J. Wilson, and M. D. Bevan
D2-Like Dopamine Receptors Modulate SKCa Channel Function in Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons Through Inhibition of Cav2.2 Channels
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2008; 99(2): 442 - 459.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. Teagarden, J. F. Atherton, M. D. Bevan, and C. J. Wilson
Accumulation of cytoplasmic calcium, but not apamin-sensitive afterhyperpolarization current, during high frequency firing in rat subthalamic nucleus cells
J. Physiol., February 1, 2008; 586(3): 817 - 833.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. N. Mercer, C. S. Chan, T. Tkatch, J. Held, and D. J. Surmeier
Nav1.6 Sodium Channels Are Critical to Pacemaking and Fast Spiking in Globus Pallidus Neurons
J. Neurosci., December 5, 2007; 27(49): 13552 - 13566.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
G. Grande, T. V. Bui, and P. K. Rose
Effect of localized innervation of the dendritic trees of feline motoneurons on the amplification of synaptic input: a computational study
J. Physiol., September 1, 2007; 583(2): 611 - 630.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. J. Russo, E. Mugnaini, and M. Martina
Intrinsic properties and mechanisms of spontaneous firing in mouse cerebellar unipolar brush cells
J. Physiol., June 1, 2007; 581(2): 709 - 724.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
S. N. Blythe, J. F. Atherton, and M. D. Bevan
Synaptic Activation of Dendritic AMPA and NMDA Receptors Generates Transient High-Frequency Firing in Substantia Nigra Dopamine Neurons In Vitro
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2007; 97(4): 2837 - 2850.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. Puopolo, E. Raviola, and B. P. Bean
Roles of Subthreshold Calcium Current and Sodium Current in Spontaneous Firing of Mouse Midbrain Dopamine Neurons
J. Neurosci., January 17, 2007; 27(3): 645 - 656.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. A. Castro-Alamancos, P. Rigas, and Y. Tawara-Hirata
Resonance (~10 Hz) of excitatory networks in motor cortex: effects of voltage-dependent ion channel blockers
J. Physiol., January 1, 2007; 578(1): 173 - 191.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. D. Humphries, R. D. Stewart, and K. N. Gurney
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection and Oscillatory Activity in the Basal Ganglia
J. Neurosci., December 13, 2006; 26(50): 12921 - 12942.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
A. Hernandez, O. Ibanez-Sandoval, A. Sierra, R. Valdiosera, D. Tapia, V. Anaya, E. Galarraga, J. Bargas, and J. Aceves
Control of the Subthalamic Innervation of the Rat Globus Pallidus by D2/3 and D4 Dopamine Receptors
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2006; 96(6): 2877 - 2888.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
E. Gingl and H. Tichy
Continuous Tonic Spike Activity in Spider Warm Cells in the Absence of Sensory Input
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2006; 96(3): 989 - 997.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
S. Miocinovic, M. Parent, C. R. Butson, P. J. Hahn, G. S. Russo, J. L. Vitek, and C. C. McIntyre
Computational Analysis of Subthalamic Nucleus and Lenticular Fasciculus Activation During Therapeutic Deep Brain Stimulation
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2006; 96(3): 1569 - 1580.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
L. Forti, E. Cesana, J. Mapelli, and E. D'Angelo
Ionic mechanisms of autorhythmic firing in rat cerebellar Golgi cells
J. Physiol., August 1, 2006; 574(3): 711 - 729.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
P. J. Magill, A. Sharott, J. P. Bolam, and P. Brown
Delayed synchronization of activity in cortex and subthalamic nucleus following cortical stimulation in the rat
J. Physiol., August 1, 2006; 574(3): 929 - 946.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
L. Wang, S. T. Kitai, and Z. Xiang
Activity-dependent bidirectional modification of inhibitory synaptic transmission in rat subthalamic neurons.
J. Neurosci., July 12, 2006; 26(28): 7321 - 7327.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
A. Gillies and D. Willshaw
Membrane Channel Interactions Underlying Rat Subthalamic Projection Neuron Rhythmic and Bursting Activity
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2006; 95(4): 2352 - 2365.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
T. Wichmann and J. Soares
Neuronal Firing Before and After Burst Discharges in the Monkey Basal Ganglia Is Predictably Patterned in the Normal State and Altered in Parkinsonism
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2006; 95(4): 2120 - 2133.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
A. Leblois, T. Boraud, W. Meissner, H. Bergman, and D. Hansel
Competition between feedback loops underlies normal and pathological dynamics in the basal ganglia.
J. Neurosci., March 29, 2006; 26(13): 3567 - 3583.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
O. Ibanez-Sandoval, A. Hernandez, B. Floran, E. Galarraga, D. Tapia, R. Valdiosera, D. Erlij, J. Aceves, and J. Bargas
Control of the Subthalamic Innervation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata by D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2006; 95(3): 1800 - 1811.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. I. Kass and I. M. Mintz
Silent plateau potentials, rhythmic bursts, and pacemaker firing: Three patterns of activity that coexist in quadristable subthalamic neurons
PNAS, January 3, 2006; 103(1): 183 - 188.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
L. Garcia, G. D'Alessandro, P.-O. Fernagut, B. Bioulac, and C. Hammond
Impact of High-Frequency Stimulation Parameters on the Pattern of Discharge of Subthalamic Neurons
J Neurophysiol, December 1, 2005; 94(6): 3662 - 3669.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. Puopolo, B. P. Bean, and E. Raviola
Spontaneous Activity of Isolated Dopaminergic Periglomerular Cells of the Main Olfactory Bulb
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2005; 94(5): 3618 - 3627.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. C Loucif, C. L Wilson, R Baig, M. G Lacey, and I. M Stanford
Functional interconnectivity between the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus in the mouse brain slice
J. Physiol., September 15, 2005; 567(3): 977 - 987.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. Baufreton, J. F. Atherton, D. J. Surmeier, and M. D. Bevan
Enhancement of Excitatory Synaptic Integration by GABAergic Inhibition in the Subthalamic Nucleus
J. Neurosci., September 14, 2005; 25(37): 8505 - 8517.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. F. Atherton and M. D. Bevan
Ionic Mechanisms Underlying Autonomous Action Potential Generation in the Somata and Dendrites of GABAergic Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons In Vitro
J. Neurosci., September 7, 2005; 25(36): 8272 - 8281.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Y. Yasoshima, N. Kai, S. Yoshida, S. Shiosaka, Y. Koyama, Y. Kayama, and K. Kobayashi
Subthalamic Neurons Coordinate Basal Ganglia Function through Differential Neural Pathways
J. Neurosci., August 24, 2005; 25(34): 7743 - 7753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
N. E. Hallworth and M. D. Bevan
Globus Pallidus Neurons Dynamically Regulate the Activity Pattern of Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons through the Frequency-Dependent Activation of Postsynaptic GABAA and GABAB Receptors
J. Neurosci., July 6, 2005; 25(27): 6304 - 6315.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
Z. Xiang, L. Wang, and S. T. Kitai
Modulation of Spontaneous Firing in Rat Subthalamic Neurons by 5-HT Receptor Subtypes
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2005; 93(3): 1145 - 1157.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. T. Paz, J.-M. Deniau, and S. Charpier
Rhythmic Bursting in the Cortico-Subthalamo-Pallidal Network during Spontaneous Genetically Determined Spike and Wave Discharges
J. Neurosci., February 23, 2005; 25(8): 2092 - 2101.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
I. Arai, Y. Yamada, T. Asaka, and M. Tachibana
Light-Evoked Oscillatory Discharges in Retinal Ganglion Cells Are Generated by Rhythmic Synaptic Inputs
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2004; 92(2): 715 - 725.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. T. H. Do and B. P. Bean
Sodium Currents in Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons From Nav1.6-Null Mice
J Neurophysiol, August 1, 2004; 92(2): 726 - 733.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
T. Otsuka, T. Abe, T. Tsukagawa, and W.-J. Song
Conductance-Based Model of the Voltage-Dependent Generation of a Plateau Potential in Subthalamic Neurons
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2004; 92(1): 255 - 264.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. Kolaj, D. Bai, and L. P. Renaud
GABAB Receptor Modulation of Rapid Inhibitory and Excitatory Neurotransmission From Subfornical Organ and Other Afferents to Median Preoptic Nucleus Neurons
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2004; 92(1): 111 - 122.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
C. J. Wilson, A. Weyrick, D. Terman, N. E. Hallworth, and M. D. Bevan
A Model of Reverse Spike Frequency Adaptation and Repetitive Firing of Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2004; 91(5): 1963 - 1980.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
N. I. Kononenko, L.-R. Shao, and F. E. Dudek
Riluzole-Sensitive Slowly Inactivating Sodium Current in Rat Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons
J Neurophysiol, February 1, 2004; 91(2): 710 - 718.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
C. Hamani, J. A. Saint-Cyr, J. Fraser, M. Kaplitt, and A. M. Lozano
The subthalamic nucleus in the context of movement disorders
Brain, January 1, 2004; 127(1): 4 - 20.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
L. L. Rubchinsky, N. Kopell, and K. A. Sigvardt
Modeling facilitation and inhibition of competing motor programs in basal ganglia subthalamic nucleus-pallidal circuits
PNAS, November 25, 2003; 100(24): 14427 - 14432.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
C.-H. TAI, T. BORAUD, E. BEZARD, B. BIOULAC, C. GROSS, and A. BENAZZOUZ
Electrophysiological and metabolic evidence that high-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus bridles neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra reticulata
FASEB J, October 1, 2003; 17(13): 1820 - 1830.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
G. Foffani, A. Priori, M. Egidi, P. Rampini, F. Tamma, E. Caputo, K. A. Moxon, S. Cerutti, and S. Barbieri
300-Hz subthalamic oscillations in Parkinson's disease
Brain, October 1, 2003; 126(10): 2153 - 2163.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
L. Garcia, J. Audin, G. D'Alessandro, B. Bioulac, and C. Hammond
Dual Effect of High-Frequency Stimulation on Subthalamic Neuron Activity
J. Neurosci., September 24, 2003; 23(25): 8743 - 8751.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
I. A. Rybak, K. Ptak, N. A. Shevtsova, and D. R. McCrimmon
Sodium Currents in Neurons From the Rostroventrolateral Medulla of the Rat
J Neurophysiol, September 1, 2003; 90(3): 1635 - 1642.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
N. E. Hallworth, C. J. Wilson, and M. D. Bevan
Apamin-Sensitive Small Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels, through their Selective Coupling to Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels, Are Critical Determinants of the Precision, Pace, and Pattern of Action Potential Generation in Rat Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons In Vitro
J. Neurosci., August 20, 2003; 23(20): 7525 - 7542.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
R. K. Cloues and W. A. Sather
Afterhyperpolarization Regulates Firing Rate in Neurons of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
J. Neurosci., March 1, 2003; 23(5): 1593 - 1604.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
S. L. Smith and T. S. Otis
Persistent Changes in Spontaneous Firing of Purkinje Neurons Triggered by the Nitric Oxide Signaling Cascade
J. Neurosci., January 15, 2003; 23(2): 367 - 372.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
R. A. DeFazio, S. Heger, S. R. Ojeda, and S. M. Moenter
Activation of A-Type {gamma}-Aminobutyric Acid Receptors Excites Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Neurons
Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2002; 16(12): 2872 - 2891.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. Magistretti and A. Alonso
Fine Gating Properties of Channels Responsible for Persistent Sodium Current Generation in Entorhinal Cortex Neurons
J. Gen. Physiol., November 25, 2002; 120(6): 855 - 873.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
N. Urbain, N. Rentero, D. Gervasoni, B. Renaud, and G. Chouvet
The Switch of Subthalamic Neurons From an Irregular to a Bursting Pattern Does Not Solely Depend on Their GABAergic Inputs in the Anesthetic-Free Rat
J. Neurosci., October 1, 2002; 22(19): 8665 - 8675.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K. J. Nielsen, M. Watson, D. J. Adams, A. K. Hammarstrom, P. W. Gage, J. M. Hill, D. J. Craik, L. Thomas, D. Adams, P. F. Alewood, et al.
Solution Structure of {micro}-Conotoxin PIIIA, a Preferential Inhibitor of Persistent Tetrodotoxin-sensitive Sodium Channels
J. Biol. Chem., July 19, 2002; 277(30): 27247 - 27255.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
D. Williams, M. Tijssen, G. van Bruggen, A. Bosch, A. Insola, V. D. Lazzaro, P. Mazzone, A. Oliviero, A. Quartarone, H. Speelman, et al.
Dopamine-dependent changes in the functional connectivity between basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in humans
Brain, July 1, 2002; 125(7): 1558 - 1569.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. O. Dostrovsky, W. D. Hutchison, and A. M. Lozano
The Globus Pallidus, Deep Brain Stimulation, and Parkinson's Disease
Neuroscientist, June 1, 2002; 8(3): 284 - 290.
[Abstract] [PDF]
M. Cassidy, P. Mazzone, A. Oliviero, A. Insola, P. Tonali, V. D. Lazzaro, and P. Brown
Movement-related changes in synchronization in the human basal ganglia
Brain, June 1, 2002; 125(6): 1235 - 1246.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
D. Terman, J. E. Rubin, A. C. Yew, and C. J. Wilson
Activity Patterns in a Model for the Subthalamopallidal Network of the Basal Ganglia
J. Neurosci., April 1, 2002; 22(7): 2963 - 2976.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. D. Bevan, P. J. Magill, N. E. Hallworth, J. P. Bolam, and C. J. Wilson
Regulation of the Timing and Pattern of Action Potential Generation in Rat Subthalamic Neurons In Vitro by GABA-A IPSPs
J Neurophysiol, March 1, 2002; 87(3): 1348 - 1362.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
T. Otsuka, F. Murakami, and W.-J. Song
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials Trigger a Plateau Potential in Rat Subthalamic Neurons at Hyperpolarized States
J Neurophysiol, October 1, 2001; 86(4): 1816 - 1825.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. J. Marino, M. Wittmann, S. R. Bradley, G. W. Hubert, Y. Smith, and P. J. Conn
Activation of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Produces a Direct Excitation and Disinhibition of GABAergic Projection Neurons in the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata
J. Neurosci., September 15, 2001; 21(18): 7001 - 7012.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. C. Rodriguez-Oroz, M. Rodriguez, J. Guridi, K. Mewes, V. Chockkman, J. Vitek, M. R. DeLong, and J. A. Obeso
The subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease: somatotopic organization and physiological characteristics
Brain, September 1, 2001; 124(9): 1777 - 1790.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
J. Baufreton, M. Garret, S. Dovero, B. Dufy, B. Bioulac, and A. Taupignon
Activation of GABAA Receptors in Subthalamic Neurons In Vitro: Properties of Native Receptors and Inhibition Mechanisms
J Neurophysiol, July 1, 2001; 86(1): 75 - 85.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
C. Beurrier, B. Bioulac, J. Audin, and C. Hammond
High-Frequency Stimulation Produces a Transient Blockade of Voltage-Gated Currents in Subthalamic Neurons
J Neurophysiol, April 1, 2001; 85(4): 1351 - 1356.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
I. M. Raman, A. E. Gustafson, and D. Padgett
Ionic Currents and Spontaneous Firing in Neurons Isolated from the Cerebellar Nuclei
J. Neurosci., December 15, 2000; 20(24): 9004 - 9016.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
B. D. Bennett, J. C. Callaway, and C. J. Wilson
Intrinsic Membrane Properties Underlying Spontaneous Tonic Firing in Neostriatal Cholinergic Interneurons
J. Neurosci., November 15, 2000; 20(22): 8493 - 8503.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
W.-J. Song, Y. Baba, T. Otsuka, and F. Murakami
Characterization of Ca2+ Channels in Rat Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons
J Neurophysiol, November 1, 2000; 84(5): 2630 - 2637.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
H. Awad, G. W. Hubert, Y. Smith, A. I. Levey, and P. J. Conn
Activation of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Has Direct Excitatory Effects and Potentiates NMDA Receptor Currents in Neurons of the Subthalamic Nucleus
J. Neurosci., November 1, 2000; 20(21): 7871 - 7879.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. A Wigmore and M. G Lacey
A Kv3-like persistent, outwardly rectifying, Cs+-permeable, K+ current in rat subthalamic nucleus neurones
J. Physiol., September 15, 2000; 527(3): 493 - 506.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
K.-Z. Shen and S. W Johnson
Presynaptic dopamine D2 and muscarine M3 receptors inhibit excitatory and inhibitory transmission to rat subthalamic neurones in vitro
J. Physiol., June 1, 2000; 525(2): 331 - 341.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
M. D. Bevan, C. J. Wilson, J. P. Bolam, and P. J. Magill
Equilibrium Potential of GABAA Current and Implications for Rebound Burst Firing in Rat Subthalamic Neurons In Vitro
J Neurophysiol, May 1, 2000; 83(5): 3169 - 3172.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|