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The Journal of Neuroscience, September 15, 1999, 19(18):7881-7888
The Medial Ganglionic Eminence Gives Rise to a Population of
Early Neurons in the Developing Cerebral Cortex
Alexandros A.
Lavdas1,
Maria
Grigoriou2,
Vassilis
Pachnis2, and
John G.
Parnavelas1
1 Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology,
University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, and
2 Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Medical
Research Council National Institute for Medical Research, Mill
Hill, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
During development of the neocortex, the marginal zone (layer I)
and the subplate (layer VII) are the first layers to form from a
primordial plexiform neoropil. The cortical plate (layers II-VI) is
subsequently established between these superficial and deep components
of the primordial plexiform neuropil. Neurons in the early zones are
thought to play important roles in the formation of the cortex: the
Cajal-Retzius cells of the marginal zone are instrumental in
neuronal migration and laminar formation, and cells of the subplate are
involved in the formation of cortical connections. Using the
fluorescent tracer
1,1'-dioctodecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine (DiI), we have
shown here that a substantial proportion of neurons of the marginal
zone, including cells with features of Cajal-Retzius cells, and of the
subplate and lower intermediate zone are not born in the ventricular
neuroepithelium but instead originate in the medial ganglionic eminence
(MGE), the pallidal primordium. These neurons follow a tangential
migratory route to their positions in the developing cortex. They
express the neurotransmitter GABA but seem to lack the calcium binding
protein calretinin; some migrating cells found in the marginal zone
express reelin. In addition, migrating cells express the LIM-homeobox
gene Lhx6, a characteristic marker of the MGE. It
is suggested that this gene uniquely or in combination with other
transcription factors may be involved in the decision of MGE cells to
differentiate in situ or migrate to the neocortex.
Key words:
Cajal-Retzius cells; subplate; intermediate zone; medial
ganglionic eminence; neuronal migration; neocortex; Lhx6 expression
Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/99/19187881-08$05.00/0
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V. Hammond, L.-H. Tsai, and S.-S. Tan
Control of Cortical Neuron Migration and Layering: Cell and Non Cell-Autonomous Effects of p35
J. Neurosci.,
January 14, 2004;
24(2):
576 - 587.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. G. Corbin, M. Rutlin, N. Gaiano, and G. Fishell
Combinatorial function of the homeodomain proteins Nkx2.1 and Gsh2 in ventral telencephalic patterning
Development,
October 15, 2003;
130(20):
4895 - 4906.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Morante-Oria, A. Carleton, B. Ortino, E. J. Kremer, A. Fairen, and P.-M. Lledo
Subpallial origin of a population of projecting pioneer neurons during corticogenesis
PNAS,
October 14, 2003;
100(21):
12468 - 12473.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. Rakic and N. Zecevic
Emerging Complexity of Layer I in Human Cerebral Cortex
Cereb Cortex,
October 1, 2003;
13(10):
1072 - 1083.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. Nery, J. G. Corbin, and G. Fishell
Dlx2 Progenitor Migration in Wild Type and Nkx2.1 Mutant Telencephalon
Cereb Cortex,
September 1, 2003;
13(9):
895 - 903.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. Lopez-Bendito, R. Lujan, R. Shigemoto, P. Ganter, O. Paulsen, and Z. Molnar
Blockade of GABAB Receptors Alters the Tangential Migration of Cortical Neurons
Cereb Cortex,
September 1, 2003;
13(9):
932 - 942.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. Zhao, O. Marin, E. Hermesz, A. Powell, N. Flames, M. Palkovits, J. L. R. Rubenstein, and H. Westphal
The LIM-homeobox gene Lhx8 is required for the development of many cholinergic neurons in the mouse forebrain
PNAS,
July 22, 2003;
100(15):
9005 - 9010.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. S. B. C. Ang Jr, T. F. Haydar, V. Gluncic, and P. Rakic
Four-Dimensional Migratory Coordinates of GABAergic Interneurons in the Developing Mouse Cortex
J. Neurosci.,
July 2, 2003;
23(13):
5805 - 5815.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. Battaglia, S. Pagliardini, L. Saglietti, F. Cattabeni, M. Di Luca, S. Bassanini, and V. Setola
Neurogenesis in Cerebral Heterotopia Induced in Rats by Prenatal Methylazoxymethanol Treatment
Cereb Cortex,
July 1, 2003;
13(7):
736 - 748.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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H. Valcanis and S.-S. Tan
Layer Specification of Transplanted Interneurons in Developing Mouse Neocortex
J. Neurosci.,
June 15, 2003;
23(12):
5113 - 5122.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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B. Nadarajah, P. Alifragis, R.O.L. Wong, and J.G. Parnavelas
Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex: Observations Based on Real-time Imaging
Cereb Cortex,
June 1, 2003;
13(6):
607 - 611.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Q. Xu, E. de la Cruz, and S. A. Anderson
Cortical Interneuron Fate Determination: Diverse Sources for Distinct Subtypes?
Cereb Cortex,
June 1, 2003;
13(6):
670 - 676.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. L. Ligon, Y. Echelard, S. Assimacopoulos, P. S. Danielian, S. Kaing, E. A. Grove, A. P. McMahon, and D. H. Rowitch
Loss of Emx2 function leads to ectopic expression of Wnt1 in the developing telencephalon and cortical dysplasia
Development,
May 15, 2003;
130(10):
2275 - 2287.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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O. Marin, A. S. Plump, N. Flames, C. Sanchez-Camacho, M. Tessier-Lavigne, and J. L. R. Rubenstein
Directional guidance of interneuron migration to the cerebral cortex relies on subcortical Slit1/2-independent repulsion and cortical attraction
Development,
May 1, 2003;
130(9):
1889 - 1901.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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K. C. Luk, T. E. Kennedy, and A. F. Sadikot
Glutamate Promotes Proliferation of Striatal Neuronal Progenitors by an NMDA Receptor-Mediated Mechanism
J. Neurosci.,
March 15, 2003;
23(6):
2239 - 2250.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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N. C. Adams, T. Tomoda, M. Cooper, G. Dietz, and M. E. Hatten
Mice that lack astrotactin have slowed neuronal migration
Development,
March 4, 2003;
129(4):
965 - 972.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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H.-J. Yau, H.-F. Wang, C. Lai, and F.-C. Liu
Neural Development of the Neuregulin Receptor ErbB4 in the Cerebral Cortex and the Hippocampus: Preferential Expression by Interneurons Tangentially Migrating from the Ganglionic Eminences
Cereb Cortex,
March 1, 2003;
13(3):
252 - 264.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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A. Bellion, M. Wassef, and C. Metin
Early Differences in Axonal Outgrowth, Cell Migration and GABAergic Differentiation Properties between the Dorsal and Lateral Cortex
Cereb Cortex,
February 1, 2003;
13(2):
203 - 214.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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H. Wichterle, M. Alvarez-Dolado, L. Erskine, and A. Alvarez-Buylla
Permissive corridor and diffusible gradients direct medial ganglionic eminence cell migration to the neocortex
PNAS,
January 21, 2003;
100(2):
727 - 732.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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E. M. Powell, D. B. Campbell, G. D. Stanwood, C. Davis, J. L. Noebels, and P. Levitt
Genetic Disruption of Cortical Interneuron Development Causes Region- and GABA Cell Type-Specific Deficits, Epilepsy, and Behavioral Dysfunction
J. Neurosci.,
January 15, 2003;
23(2):
622 - 631.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. Stenman, H. Toresson, and K. Campbell
Identification of Two Distinct Progenitor Populations in the Lateral Ganglionic Eminence: Implications for Striatal and Olfactory Bulb Neurogenesis
J. Neurosci.,
January 1, 2003;
23(1):
167 - 174.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. Meyer, C. G. Perez-Garcia, and J. G. Gleeson
Selective Expression of Doublecortin and LIS1 in Developing Human Cortex Suggests Unique Modes of Neuronal Movement
Cereb Cortex,
December 1, 2002;
12(12):
1225 - 1236.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. Rao, K. Wong, M. Ward, C. Jurgensen, and J. Y. Wu
Neuronal migration and molecular conservation with leukocyte chemotaxis
Genes & Dev.,
December 1, 2002;
16(23):
2973 - 2984.
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J.M. Soria and M. Valdeolmillos
Receptor-activated Calcium Signals in Tangentially Migrating Cortical Cells
Cereb Cortex,
August 1, 2002;
12(8):
831 - 839.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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J. A. Gorski, T. Talley, M. Qiu, L. Puelles, J. L. R. Rubenstein, and K. R. Jones
Cortical Excitatory Neurons and Glia, But Not GABAergic Neurons, Are Produced in the Emx1-Expressing Lineage
J. Neurosci.,
August 1, 2002;
22(15):
6309 - 6314.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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W. Halfter, S. Dong, Y.-P. Yip, M. Willem, and U. Mayer
A Critical Function of the Pial Basement Membrane in Cortical Histogenesis
J. Neurosci.,
July 15, 2002;
22(14):
6029 - 6040.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. A. Anderson, C. E. Kaznowski, C. Horn, J. L.R. Rubenstein, and S. K. McConnell
Distinct Origins of Neocortical Projection Neurons and Interneurons In Vivo
Cereb Cortex,
July 1, 2002;
12(7):
702 - 709.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. Meyer, C. G. Perez-Garcia, H. Abraham, and D. Caput
Expression of p73 and Reelin in the Developing Human Cortex
J. Neurosci.,
June 15, 2002;
22(12):
4973 - 4986.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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C. B. Reid and C. A. Walsh
Evidence of Common Progenitors and Patterns of Dispersion in Rat Striatum and Cerebral Cortex
J. Neurosci.,
May 15, 2002;
22(10):
4002 - 4014.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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V. DeWulf and S. W. Bottjer
Age and Sex Differences in Mitotic Activity within the Zebra Finch Telencephalon
J. Neurosci.,
May 15, 2002;
22(10):
4080 - 4094.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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Y. Gu, K. L. McIlwain, E. J. Weeber, T. Yamagata, B. Xu, B. A. Antalffy, C. Reyes, L. Yuva-Paylor, D. Armstrong, H. Zoghbi, et al.
Impaired Conditioned Fear and Enhanced Long-Term Potentiation in Fmr2 Knock-Out Mice
J. Neurosci.,
April 1, 2002;
22(7):
2753 - 2763.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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B. E. Porter, A. Brooks-Kayal, and J. A. Golden
Disorders of Cortical Development and Epilepsy
Arch Neurol,
March 1, 2002;
59(3):
361 - 365.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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S. Korada, W. Zheng, C. Basilico, M. L. Schwartz, and F. M. Vaccarino
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Is Necessary for the Growth of Glutamate Projection Neurons in the Anterior Neocortex
J. Neurosci.,
February 1, 2002;
22(3):
863 - 875.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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G. Panganiban and J. L. R. Rubenstein
Developmental functions of the Distal-less/Dlx homeobox genes
Development,
January 10, 2002;
129(19):
4371 - 4386.
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
[PDF]
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