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The Journal of Neuroscience, November 15, 1999, 19(22):10065-10073

Activity of Midbrain Reticular Formation and Neocortex during the Progression of Human Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Naofumi Kajimura¹, Makoto Uchiyama², Yutaka Takayama¹, Sunao Uchida³, Takeshi Uema¹, Masaaki Kato¹, Masanori Sekimoto¹, Tsuyoshi Watanabe¹, Toru Nakajima⁴, Satoru Horikoshi¹, Kenichi Ogawa¹, Masami Nishikawa², Masahiko Hiroki⁵, Yoshihisa Kudo², Hiroshi Matsuda¹, Masako Okawa², and Kiyohisa Takahashi^{1, 2}

¹ National Center Hospital for Mental, Nervous, and Muscular Disorders, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira 187-8551, Japan, ² National Institute of Mental Health, NCNP, Ichikawa 272-0827, Japan, ³ Tokyo Institute of Psychiatry, Tokyo 156-0057, Japan, ⁴ Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kawasaki 213-0001, Japan, and ⁵ Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu 183-0042, Japan

To clarify the neural correlates and brain activity during the progression of human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, we examined the absolute regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during light and deep NREM sleep and during wakefulness in normal humans using positron emission tomography with H₂¹⁵O. Relative changes in rCBF during light and deep NREM sleep in comparison to the rCBF during wakefulness were also analyzed. During light NREM sleep, the rCBF in the midbrain, in contrast to that in the pons and thalamic nuclei, did not decrease when compared to that during wakefulness, whereas rCBF decreased in the left medial frontal gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus, and left inferior parietal gyrus of the neocortex. During deep NREM sleep, the rCBF in the midbrain tegmentum decreased, and there was a marked and bilateral decrease in the rCBF in all neocortical regions except for the perirolandic areas and the occipital lobe. There have been three groups of brain structures, each representing one type of deactivation during the progression of NREM sleep. The activity of the midbrain reticular formation is maintained during light NREM sleep and therefore represents a key distinguishing characteristic between light and deep NREM sleep. Selective deactivation of heteromodal association cortices, including those related to language, occurs with increasingly deep NREM sleep, which supports the recent theory that sleep is not a global, but it is a local process of the brain.

Key words: NREM sleep; positron emission tomography; cerebral blood flow; midbrain reticular formation; ascending reticular activating system; selective deactivation; heteromodal association cortex

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Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience  0270-6474/99/192210065-09$05.00/0

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