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The Journal of Neuroscience, November 15, 1999, 19(22):9821-9830
Protection from Oxidative Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Cortical
Neuronal Cultures by Iron Chelators Is Associated with Enhanced DNA
Binding of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 and ATF-1/CREB and Increased
Expression of Glycolytic Enzymes, p21waf1/cip1, and
Erythropoietin
Khalequz
Zaman1,
Hoon
Ryu1,
David
Hall1,
Kevin
O'Donovan5,
Kuo-I
Lin1,
Matthew P.
Miller1,
John C.
Marquis3,
Jay M.
Baraban5, 7,
Gregg L.
Semenza4, 6, and
Rajiv
R.
Ratan1, 2
1 Department of Neurology and 2 Program in
Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School and The Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, 3 Department
of Cancer Cell Biology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston,
Massachusetts, and 4 Institute of Genetic Medicine
and Departments of 5 Neuroscience,
6 Pediatrics, and 7 Psychiatry and Behavioral
Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore,
Maryland
Iron chelators are pluripotent neuronal antiapoptotic agents that
have been shown to enhance metabolic recovery in cerebral ischemia
models. The precise mechanism(s) by which these agents exert their
effects remains unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that iron
chelators activate a hypoxia signal transduction pathway in
non-neuronal cells that culminates in the stabilization of the
transcriptional activator hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and
increased expression of gene products that mediate hypoxic adaptation.
We examined the hypothesis that iron chelators prevent oxidative
stress-induced death in cortical neuronal cultures by inducing
expression of HIF-1 and its target genes. We report that the
structurally distinct iron chelators deferoxamine mesylate and mimosine
prevent apoptosis induced by glutathione depletion and oxidative stress
in embryonic cortical neuronal cultures. The protective effects of iron
chelators are correlated with their ability to enhance DNA binding of
HIF-1 and activating transcription factor 1(ATF-1)/cAMP response
element-binding protein (CREB) to the hypoxia response element
in cortical cultures and the H19-7 hippocampal neuronal cell line. We
show that mRNA, protein, and/or activity levels for genes whose
expression is known to be regulated by HIF-1, including glycolytic
enzymes, p21waf1/cip1, and erythropoietin, are
increased in cortical neuronal cultures in response to iron chelator
treatment. Finally, we demonstrate that cobalt chloride, which also
activates HIF-1 and ATF-1/CREB in cortical cultures, also prevents
oxidative stress-induced death in these cells. Altogether, these
results suggest that iron chelators exert their neuroprotective
effects, in part, by activating a signal transduction pathway leading
to increased expression of genes known to compensate for hypoxic or
oxidative stress.
Key words:
iron chelators; oxidative stress; glutathione; apoptosis; HIF-1; ATF-1/CREB
Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/99/19229821-10$05.00/0
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