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Previous Article | Next Article
The Journal of Neuroscience, December 15, 1999, 19(24):10898-10907
Cerebral Microvascular Obstruction by Fibrin is Associated with Upregulation of PAI-1 Acutely after Onset of Focal Embolic Ischemia in Rats
Zheng Gang Zhang1, Michael Chopp1, 5, Anton Goussev1, Dunyue Lu2, Daniel Morris3, Wayne Tsang1, Cecylia Powers1, and Khang-Loon Ho4 Departments of 1 Neurology, 2 Neurosurgery, 3 Emergency Medicine, and 4 Pathology, Henry Ford Health Sciences Center, Detroit, Michigan 48202, and 5 Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309
The mechanisms underlying cerebral microvascular perfusion deficit resulting from occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) require elucidation. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that intravascular fibrin deposition in situ directly obstructs cerebral microcirculation and that local changes in type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene expression contribute to intravascular fibrin deposition after embolic MCA occlusion. Using laser-scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) in combination with immunofluorescent staining, we simultaneously measured in three dimensions the distribution of microvascular plasma perfusion deficit and fibrin(ogen) immunoreactivity in a rat model of focal cerebral embolic ischemia (n = 12). In addition, using in situ hybridization and immunostaining, we analyzed expression of PAI-1 in ischemic brain (n = 13). A significant (p < 0.05) reduction of cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion accompanied a significant (p < 0.05) increase of intravascular and extravascular fibrin deposition in the ischemic lesion. Microvascular plasma perfusion deficit and fibrin deposition expanded concomitantly from the subcortex to the cortex during 1 and 4 hr of embolic MCA occlusion. Three-dimensional analysis revealed that intravascular fibrin deposition directly blocks microvascular plasma perfusion. Vascular plugs contained erythrocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and platelets enmeshed in fibrin. In situ hybridization demonstrated induction of PAI-1 mRNA in vascular endothelial cells in the ischemic region at 1 hr of ischemia. PAI-1 mRNA significantly increased at 4 hr of ischemia. Immunohistochemical staining showed the same pattern of increased PAI-1 antigen in the endothelial cells. These data demonstrate, for the first time, that progressive intravascular fibrin deposition directly blocks cerebral microvascular plasma perfusion in the ischemic region during acute focal cerebral embolic ischemia, and upregulation of the PAI-1 gene in the ischemic lesion may foster fibrin deposition through suppression of fibrinolysis.
Key words: stroke; plasminogen activator inhibitor; rat; fibrin; microvascular; perfusion; confocal microscopy
Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/99/192410898-10$05.00/0
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