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The Journal of Neuroscience, April 1, 1999, 19(7):2535-2545
CNS Wound Healing Is Severely Depressed in Metallothionein I- and II-Deficient Mice
Milena Penkowa1, Javier Carrasco2, Mercedes Giralt2, Torben Moos1, and Juan Hidalgo2 1 Institute of Medical Anatomy, Section C, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark, and 2 Departamento de Biología Celular, de Fisiología y de Inmunología, Unidad de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain 08193
To characterize the physiological role of metallothioneins I and II (MT-I+II) in the brain, we have examined the chronological effects of a freeze injury to the cortex in normal and MT-I+II null mice. In normal mice, microglia/macrophage activation and astrocytosis were observed in the areas surrounding the lesion site, peaking at ~1 and 3 d postlesion (dpl), respectively. At 20 dpl, the parenchyma had regenerated. Both brain macrophages and astrocytes surrounding the lesion increased the MT-I+II immunoreactivity, peaking at ~3 dpl, and at 20 dpl it was similar to that of unlesioned mice. In situ hybridization analysis indicates that MT-I+II immunoreactivity reflects changes in the messenger levels. In MT-I+II null mice, microglia/macrophages infiltrated the lesion heavily, and at 20 dpl they were still present. Reactive astrocytosis was delayed and persisted at 20 dpl. In contrast to normal mice, at 20 dpl no wound healing had occurred. The rate of apoptosis, as determined by using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, was drastically increased in neurons of ipsilateral cortex of the MT-I+II null mice. Our results demonstrate that MT-I+II are essential for a normal wound repair in the CNS, and that their deficiency impairs neuronal survival.
Key words: brain inflammation; MT-I+II; superoxide dismutase; oxidative stress; zinc; brain macrophages; astrocytes; neurons; apoptosis; regeneration; degeneration
Copyright © 1999 Society for Neuroscience 0270-6474/99/1972535-11$05.00/0
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